The proposed essay extrapolates the role of polygamy and sanguinity in Tanzania. The practice of polygamy is deployed in local histories to denote meanings of honor and identity landscapes, which is explicated in many parts of Africa. As a fusion of traditional culture, ethnicity, religion and agency, this practice predates Christianity and Islam. (Herbert 1993; Thomas, C 1998) Women participation in polygamy courtship is central in the imagery of mythical-history in Nyakyusa (Busia 1968). The approval of the first wife into polygamy symbolizes blessings, prosperity and alternative authoritative knowledge. Thus, polygamy is not only an act of procreation or biological union between a man and wife but also an important aspect on the socio-ethnical and ritual landscape. I suggest that the practice of polygamy not only challenges the concept of sanguinity on one level, but also provides socio-cultural as well as a spiritual loci from more generalized reserve culture in southern Tanzania . For instance, women serve as confidants to their husbands in situations where barren-hood is prevalent and these women are then sent to the surrogate male partners for procreation, thereby contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS. I would show how, processes such as these, inform us about women as social mediators, ritual healers and commemorators of socio- economic institutions using their agency to protect their interests, though they also experience challenges from these roles in current social upheavals in the era of globalization and realities of HIV/AIDS.