The Late Republic, I: 133-82 BCE

I. Lingua Latina

• Salvete, Salve
• Quid agitis?, Quid agis? optime, bene, satis bene, male
• Romam a principio reges habuerunt (Tacitus)
• vae victis (Livy)
• Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque (Ennius)
• Carthago delenda est (Cato the Elder)
• prandi, potavi, scortum accubui (Plautus)
• Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto (Terence)
• Metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinebat (Sallust)

Discussion groups:

1. Tuesday 2-3, PHR 2.114
2. Wednesday 6-7 WRW 11

I. Reminder: Exam I, Tuesday, February 14

• BE SURE TO BRING A BLUE BOOK 
• Review Guide

II. Rome, 133-27 BCE: The Republic Fails: Why?

A. The Roman view: decline in morals:

1. loss of metus hostilis
2. luxuria
3. foreign ways

B. Issues and Stresses

1. in the senate

• group vs. individuals
• nobiles vs. novi homines
• populares vs. optimates

2. equites

• tax farming (publicani)
• quaestiones de repetundis

3. others in Rome

• land distribution
• grain supply
• debt
• Who wields power, senate or assemblies?
• mob violence
  

4. outside of Rome

• citizenship for Italians?
• governing the provinces
• new enemies
• slave revolts
  

III. People and events: 133-82 BCE

(You are responsible for all dates marked in bold, as well as for relative chronology of all events)

133: Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus
His proposal: distribute public lands, using money from province of Asia (bequeathed to Rome, 133)

123-122: Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus
His proposals:

• have assembly authorize capital sentences
• distribute public lands
• found colonies
• guarantee grain at a fixed price
• assign consuls provinces before election
• have publicani collect taxes in Asia
•  equites for juries in quaestiones de repetundis
• Roman citizenship to Latins, Latin rights to Italians
  

111-105: War with Jugurtha of Numidia
Careers of Marius and Sulla begin

113-101: Invasion and defeat of Cimbri and Teutones

100: Tribunate of Saturninus
His proposals:

• land for Marius' veterans, including colonies
  
• additional land distribution
• make all senators swear to uphold his law
• citizenship for some colonists
  

91: Tribunate of Livius Drusus
His proposals:

• senators for juries in quaestiones de repetundis
• make 300 equites senators
• land distribution and colonies
• Roman citizenship to Italians

91-87: Social War
Most Italians get citizenship but are put into just a few new tribes

88: Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus
His proposals:

• distribute Italians among existing tribes
• give Sulla's command against Mithridates to Marius

88: Sulla marches on Rome

87-85: Sulla campaigns against Mithridates VI of Pontus

87-84: Rule of Cinna
His proposals:

• distribute Italians among existing tribes
• allow debtors to pay back only 1/4 of debt

83-82: Sulla marches on Rome again