Instruments of International Economic Power: Inducements and Sanctions


Trade
+
Positive Inducements
-
Negative Sanctions
  • Favorable tariffs
  • Most-favored-nation (MFN) rights
  • Tariff Reduction
  • Direct Purchase
  • Subsidies to exports/imports
  • Granting of export/import licenses
  • Embargo
  • Boycott
  • Tariff Discrimination
  • Withdrawal of MFN rights
  • Blacklist
  • Quotas
  • License denial
  • Dumping
  • Preclusive buying
Capital
  • Providing of aid
  • Investment guarantees
  • Encouragement of private capital
  • Favorable tax measures
  • Freezing assets
  • Import and export controls
  • Suspension of aid
  • Expropriation
  • Unfavorable taxation
  • Withholding of dues to international economic agencies (such as IMF)

D
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Source
Based on Johnson, Loch K. 1995. America as a World Power: Foreign Policy in a Constitutional Framework, Second ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 448.