Index

Boldface page numbers refer to main entries in the encyclopedia.

A

A. A. Rayner, 262
Abbott, Robert S., 1-3, 136, 137, 138, 183
ABC/Dunhill, 467, 472
ABC-TV, 352, 596
Abel, Julian, 33
Abner, E. G., II, 277
Abolition Society of Philadelphia, 619
Abolitionist, 176, 181, 241, 343, 458
Abraham and Co., 322
Abyssinian Baptist Church, 544
Acapulco Black Film Festival, 361
Accent Hair Salons, 243
Accra, Ghana, 405
Adams, Jacob, 520
Adams, Lewis, 588
Adams, Lucy Rose (PhD), 116
Adams, Theodore A., 310, 542
Adams, Victorine, 4
Adams, William Lloyd, 3-4
Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 107, 185,
482, 514
Addis Ababa, 473
Adger, Robert, 621
Adidas, 533
Advanced Engineering Design, 542
Advertising, 4-5, 289, 333, 464, 467, 539,
647. See also Sports, Athlete Enterprises
and Entrepreneurs
Advertising Age, 99
Advertising, General Marketing Agencies and
Blacks, 5-7, 160, 334, 647
Aeronautical University, 151, 472
Affirmative Action, 149, 418. See also Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission; Ex-
ecutive Order 11246; Office of Federal Con-
tract Compliance Program
Affirmative Action, Impact on Black Business,
33-34, 46, 49, 51, 77, 107, 120-21, 149,
609-10. See also Equal Employment Oppor-
tunity Commission; Federal Contracts
Affirmative Action Programs. See also Pro-
curement Contract Programs, SBA-8(a) Fed-
eral Contracting Firms; Set-Asides, Minority
Business
Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Impact on
Black Business: Blacks in White Corporate
America, 165-66, 610; Black Auto Parts
Supply Industry, 52; Black Business Leaders
Responses, 644; Black Construction Indus-
try, 174, 185; Black Contractors, 185;
Blacks in White Corporate America, 165-
66, 610. See also Disparity studies
Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Supreme
Court Decisions, 114, 471. See also Adar-
and Construction, Inc. v. Pena; City of
Richmond v. J. A. Croson; Fullilov v. Klutz-
nick
Africa, Indigenous Capitalism Development, 7-
12
Africa, Industrial Sectors, 10-11
Africa, Natural Resources, 316
Africa, Urban Elites, 10
African Institutions Organization, 176
African Insurance Company, 617
African-American Liberians, 303
African-American Mysteries (Organization), 180
African American Booksellers Conference, 87,
89
African-American Business Leaders: A Bio-
graphical Dictionary, xvii, 18
African American Business Performance Rates,
387
African American Film Audiences, 237. See
also Film Production
African American Mayors. See Mayors, Black,
and Black Business
African American Museum Association, 393
African American Summit, 545
African Blood Brotherhood, 204
African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) Group, 308
African Civilization Society, 303
African Colonization, 8-9
African Communities League, 268
African Decolonization, 307. See also Africa,
Indigenous Capitalism Development
African Development Public Investment Corp.,
224, 308
African Dorcas Societies, 448
African Economic Survivalisms, 155, 157-159,
219, 247, 597
African Entrepreneurship, 155. See also Af-
rica, Indigenous Capitalism Development
African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, 241
African Insurance Company, 296
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church,
17, 25, 26, 72, 73, 85, 135, 144, 301, 394,
433, 450
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 72,
73, 144, 146, 401, 456
African National Congress, 417
"African Royale," 95, 282
African Secret Burial Societies, 295
African Slave Trade, 7, 291, 303. See also At-
lantic Slave Trade Profits
African Union Company, 304
African Union Society, 296, 616
African and Caribbean Finance Forum (ACF),
410. See also National Black MBA Associa-
tion
"Afro," 330
Afro-American Council, 401
Afro-American Industrial Benefit Asociation,
625
Afro-American Realty Company, 445
Afro-American Publishing Company, 83
Afro-American Realty Company, 399
Afro Marketing Company, 360
Afro-Sheen, 330
A. G. Gaston Construction Company, 173,
174, 269
A. G. Gaston Home for Senior Citizens, 173,
269
A. G. Gaston Motel, 173
AGENDA, 412
Agribusiness, Virginia's Black Farmers, 12-17
Agricultural Experiment Station, 125
AHBAI (American Health and Beauty Aids In-
stitute), 288, 313
A. H. Enterprises, 468
Ahiarah, Sol, 111
AIDS, 257, 427, 539
Aiken and Faulkner Construction Company,
550
Aiken, Walter "Chief," 550
Air Atlanta, 324, 568
Air Jordan, 534
Air Transport Company, 568
Akaki, Ethiopia, 473
Al Johnson Cadillac-Avanti-Saab, 47
Al Johnson, Inc., 46
Alabama, 41, 133, 271
Alabama Penny Savings and Loan Company,
446
Alabama State University, 115
Albany State University, 115
Alberto-Culver Co., 288
Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College,
357
Alexander, Archie, 172, 173, 307
Alexander, Gertrude, 603
Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell, 17-18
Alexander, Raymond, 17
Alkebu-lan, 88
Allain, Rosine, 29
All-Black-Cast Films, 234, 382; See also Film
Production
Allen AME Church (NY), 145
Allen, Anthony D., 303
Allen, Leonard, 466
Allen, Peyton A., 550
Allen, Richard, 296, 486, 616
Allensworth, CA, 78, 626
Alien Temple Baptist Church (Oakland), 145
Allen, Tina, 406
Alien University, 634
The All Negro Hour, 463
All-Pro Broadcasting Company, 533
All-Pro Enterprises, 533
Alonzo F. and Norris B. Hemdon Foundation,
42
Alpha Chi Pi Omega Sorority and Fraternity,
Inc., 285-86, 348
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, 151
Alpha Phi Alpha, 441
Alston, Wendell P., 404
Aluminum, 533
Amber, Geannine, 110
AME. See African Methodist Episcopal
Church
AME Book Concern, 85
AME Sunday School Union and Publishing
House, 86
American Aid for Ethiopia, 530
American Anti-Slavery Society, 242
American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of
Business (AACSB), 115
American Black Book Writers Association
(ABBWA), 89
American Booksellers Association, 89
American Business History, xvi
American Busines History, Black, xvii
American Capitalism, 43, 168, 212, 377
American Caribbean Contracting Company,
307
American Civil Liberties Union, 17
American Colonization Society, 241, 419
American Economic Review, 586
American Economy, 189, 206, 215-16
American Economy and Capitalism Critiques,
168, 210, 212
American Economy and Slavery, xiv, 210, 215-
216, 469-70
American Economy, 1992 Business Firms, 384
American Economy, 1992 Business Firms
Sales, 113, 384
American Express, 164
American Film Institute, 182
American Giants, Chicago, 137, 141, 414
American Health and Beauty Aids Institute
(AHBAI), 288, 313
American Institute of Architects (AIA), 33
American Institute of Architects Student Chap-
ter (AIAS), 33
American Industrial Revolution and Slavery,
45
American League of Colored Laborers, 620
American Library Association, 430
American Marketing Association, 404
American Medical Association, 430
American Missionary Association, 72, 239
American Moral Reform Society, 242
American Muslim Mission, 425
American National Bank and Trust Company,
56
American Negro Academy, 84
American Nicodemus Town Company, 622
American Online (AOL), 644
American Red Cross, 573
American Revolution, 499
American Revolution and Slavery, 44-45
American Shared Hospital Services, 542
American Sociological Association, 169
American Statistical Association, 453
American Stock Exchange, 139, 283. See also
Stock Market Listings
American Telephone and Telegraph. See
AT&T
American Tennis Association, 559
America's Black Forum (ABF), 360
Americus, GA, black Business in, 274
AMEZ. See African Methodist Episcopal Zion
Church
AMEZ Publishing House, 85
Amoco, 177
Amos, Moses, 549
Amos, Wallace, Jr., 18-20
Amos 'n' Andy, 557
Amsterdam News, 2, 547
ANC, 417
Anderson, Bernard, 586
Anderson, Claude (Dr.), 109
Anderson Communications, 6
Anderson-DuBose Co., 646
Anderson, James A., 541
Anderson, James D., 73
Anderson, John Vernon, 115-116
Anderson, Joseph B. Jr., 402
Anderson, Nina King, 552
Anderson, Pamela, 408
Anderson, Talmadge, 75
Anderson, Warren E., 646
Ando, Faith, 370
Andrew Brimmer and Associates, 185
Andrew Brown and Company, 279
Angelus Funeral Home, 262
Anglo-African Magazine, 83
Anheuser-Busch, 7, 404
Annie Malone Children and Family Services
Center, 574
Annie Malone Children's Home, 574
Antebellum Baltimore, Black Business, 20-22,
621
Antebellum Black Bankers, Informal Activi-
ties, 28, 248, 249, 509, 599, 618
Antebellum Black Beneficial (Benevolent and
Mutual Aid) Societies, 22, 25, 435, 447-49.
See also Brown Fellowship Society; Free
African Society
Antebellum Black Business Activities, 181,
515-16, 517; Artisans, 23, 169; Barbers, 21,
22, 23, 391, 517-18, 560, 616, 618, 620;
Blacksmiths, 28, 50, 518, 564; Boarding
Houses, 24, 29; Building Trades, 23, 32,
170-71; Cabinet Makers, 21, 178; Carpen-
ters, 23, 26, 27, 170, 251, 517; Caterers, 22,
24, 129-30, 188, 516; Cemeteries, 25, 40,
263-64; Cigarmakers, 21, 28; Coal and
Lumber Merchants, 221; Coffin Makers, 260;
Commission Brokers/Merchants, 28, 248,
454; Craftsmen, 23, 50, 169, 178, 251, 260;
Dray Enterprises, 20, 29, 564, 617; Dress-
makers/Seamstresses, 27, 599, 601, 621; Fu-
neral Enterprises, 21, 28; Hair Care and
Products Enterprises, 27, 601-2; Health
Care Services, 27, 28, 196-97, 599, 618,
620; Hotels and Inns, 24, 130-31, 188, 358,
399, 618; Import Enterprise, 599, 617; Jew-
elry/Silverware Store, 249; Land Transport
Enterprises, 563-65; Livery Stable Enter-
prises, 21, 23, 260, 261, 564, 576, 618, 620;
Manufacturers, 169-71, 620; Market (Food)
Vendors, 29, 516, 598, 599; Merchants/
Shopkeepers, 21, 28, 137, 249, 423-24, 518,
599-600, 621; Patent Holders, 618; Railroad
Enterprise Owners, 221, 564-65; Real Estate
Speculators, 28-29, 248, 358-59, 510; Sa-
loons and Tavern Keepers, 618; Sculptors,
28, 406; Second-Hand Enterprises, 620, 621;
Shoemakers, 26, 27, 564; Shipping Enter-
prises, 301-2, 309, 562-63, 618, 619; Tai-
lors, 21, 23, 28, 29,249, 343, 550, 617;
Teamsters, 576; Undertakers, 21, 28, 260,
576; Wood Factors, 23, 29, 220, 564; See
also Catering, Inns, Hotels; Colonial Amer-
ica, Slave Market; Ellison, William; Extrac-
tive Industries, Enterprises; Forten, James,
Jr.; Free Black Entrepreneurs; Funeral
Business Firms; Johnson, William Tiler;
Pleasant, Mary Ellen; Rillieux, Norbert;
South, Black Business, 1790-1880; Weston,
Anthony; names of individual antebellum
crafts
Antebellum Black Business Expatriates, 29,
301-2, 303
Antebellum Black Business Joint Ventures, 28,
175, 220-21, 241, 301-2
Antebellum Black Business Legal Constraints,
20-21, 29, 251. See also Slave Laws, Eco-
nomic Constraints
Antebellum Black Business/White Employees,
170, 178, 179, 240, 249
Antebellum Black Business Women, 23-4, 27,
321, 598-602, 618. See also names of spe-
cific antebellum enterprises
Antebellum Black High Status Occupations,
249
Antebellum Black Innovators/Inventors, 21, 28,
170, 240, 388, 595, 618, 620
Antebellum Black International Enterprises,
300-302, 621. See also Cuffe, Paul
Antebellum Black Philanthrophy, 22, 25, 447-
49
Antebellum Black Population, 251, 490, 491,
517
Antebellum Black Property Owners, 248, 460-
61, 462, 517, 529. See also Slaveholders,
Large Black
Antebellum Black School Financing, 22, 25
Antebellum Black Slaveholders, 23, 26, 169,
178, 220, 338, 461, 491, 494, 562, 564, 594
Antebellum Black Slaveholders, Women, 494,
600; Critique of, 600-601
Antebellum Black Slave Traders. See Slave
Traders, Black
Antebellum Black Stock Investors, 21, 23, 27,
29, 248-49, 321, 509, 565, 599, 620, 621
Antebellum Black Wealth Holders, 250, 620
Antebellum Black/White Business Partner-
ships, 515
Antebellum Blacks and Canada, 302
Antebellum Blacks and Haiti, 302
[664]INDEXAntebellum Blacks and European Immigrants,
20-21, 27
Antebellum Blacks and Liberia, 301-2, 303
Antebellum Blacks and Sierra Leone, 300
Antebellum Charleston, Black Business, 23-
27, 516
Antebellum New Orleans, Black Business, 27-
30, 516
Antebellum Race Riots, 20, 135, 419, 510, 618
Antebellum Wealthy Blacks, 250
Antebellum White Violence to Black Enter-
prise, 170, 188, 221, 618, 621
Anthony, Charles, 240
Anthony, Robert, 221
Antiapartheid Activities, 213. See also The
"Sullivan Principles"
Antilynching, 585, 602
Anti-Semitism, 168
Antitrust Regulations and African American
Business, 30-31
Antoine, C. C. (Cesar Carpentier), 454
Aon Risk Services, 165
Apartheid, 11, 314
Apex Auditorium, 606
Apex Beauty College, 95
Apex Community Drug Store, 593
Apex Hair Company and Beauty School, 551
Apex Laboratory, 606
Apex News and Hair Company, 95, 305, 593.
See also Washington, Sarah Spencer
Apex Publishing Company, 606
Apex Rest Tourist Retreat, 606
Apex Warehouse, 606
API/AIAN. See Minority-Owned Businesses,
1992 Survey
Apollo Theater, 253, 548
Appomattox Club of Chicago, 441
Aquarian Bookshop, 88
Architects, 31-34, 137, 172
Ardmore Lubricating Company, 223
Argentina, 316
Ariel Capital Management, Inc., xxv
Arista Records, 469
Aristotle, 211
A. R. Leak, 262
Armour and Company, 239
Army Air Force Exchange Service, 166
Arnold, Jesse T., 551
Arsenio Hall Show, 557
Articy Advertising, 7
Artisans. See Antebellum Black Business Ac-
tivities
Ashe, Arthur, 559
Ashhurst-Watson, Carmen, 468, 483
ASHTA International, Inc., 310
Asian and Pacific Islanders/American Indians
and Alaska Natives (API/AIAN). See
Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Asian Americans, 105, 106, 465. See also
Asian/Black Entrepreneurship, Comparison
Asian/Black Entrepreneurship, Comparison, 34-
38. See also Banking, Minority
Asian Companies, 309, 310
Asian Development Bank, 67
Asian-Indian Americans. See Asian/Black En-
trepreneurship, Comparison
"Asian Invasion," 289
Asian Markets, 315-16
Associated Business Club, 69
Association for the Study of Negro Life and
History, 85
Associated Negro Press, 288, 574
Association of African American Women
Business Owners, 514
Association of Black Psychologists, 320
Association of Black Sporting Goods Profes-
sionals (ABSGP), 540
Association of Black Women Entrepreneurs,
611
Association of Collegiate Business Schools
and Programs, 115
Association of General Contractors, 185
Association of Minority Enterprises of New
York, 113
Associated Publishers, 84
Astor, John Jacob, 248
Astor Picture Corporation, 383
AT&T, 7, 112, 149, 326, 361
Athens, Ohio, 133,
Atlanta and West Point Railroad, 126
Atlanta Baptist College, 418
Atlanta Black Business, 88, 95, 106, 274-75.
See also Atlanta Life Insurance Company;
"Sweet Auburn" Avenue
Atlanta City Hall Complex, 479
Atlanta Civic and Political League, 187
Atlanta "Compromise" Speech, 588-89. See
also Washington, Booker T.
Atlanta Daily World, 2, 550, 552
Atlanta Flames, 536
Atlanta Hartsfield Airport, 375, 479
Atlanta Hawks, 479, 536
Atlanta Life Insurance Company, 38-43, 142,
246, 296, 297
Atlanta Loan and Trust Company, 40, 549
Atlanta Merchandise Mart, 479
Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association, 549
Atlanta Olympic Stadium, 479
Atlanta Omni Sports Convention, 479
Atlanta Race Riot of 1906, 549
Atlanta Stadium, 479
Atlanta State Savings Bank, 40, 550
Atlanta University, 41, 42, 115, 443, 453, 550,
586
Atlanta University Press, 84
Atlanta University Publications, 430. See also
Dubois, William E. B.
Atlantic City, NJ, 593
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, 518
Atlantic Records, 467, 469
Atlantic Slave Trade Profits, 43-45, 328, 437
Atwood, W. Q., 222
Auburn Avenue, 39. See also "Sweet Au-
burn" Avenue
Augusta, GA, black businesses, 297
Augustin-Baptiste Catering Firm, 130
Augustin, P. J., 131
Augustin, Peter, 129
Augustin, Theodore, 129
Ault, Inc., 542
Aunt Jemima, 4, 624
Austin, Thelma, 407. See also National Black
MBA Association
Austin W. Curtis Laboratories, 285
Australia, 308, 311, 644
Auto and Aeroplane Mechanical School, 231-
32
Auto Dealers, 45-50, 122, 140, 567, 609, 646
Auto-Electric Service Station and Garage, 458
Automatic Traffic Signal Invention, 390
Automobile, Patterson-Greenfield, 50
Auto Parts Supply Industry, African Ameri-
cans, 50-53, 533
Autoplane Company of St. Louis, 567
Auto Transportation and Sales Company, 231
Avant, Clarence, 468
Avery, James, 404
Avon, 165, 610
A.Wendell Malliet Company, 84

B

Bad Boy Entertainment, 469
Bahamas, 247, 308
"Bahamian Diet," 640
Bahan, Simon, 29
Bailey, L. C., 625
Bailey, R. W., 111
Baker Funeral Home, 262
Bakke (Regents of the University of California
v Bakke), 114
Ball, Charles, 54-55, 486, 508
Baltimore Afro-American, 1
Baltimore Black Business, 3-4, 134
Baltimore Railroad, 565
Baltimore Society for Relief in Case of Sei-
zure, 448
Baltimore-Washington International Airport
(BWI), 568
Bangladesh, 477
Bank Moratorium, 60, 68
Bankers Fire Insurance Company, 436
Bankhead Cotton Control Act, 183
Banking, Chicago Community Development
Banks and Community Reinvestment Act
(CRA), 55-59
Banking, Minority, 1865-1996, 59-64, 476
Bank of America/Continental, 56
Bank of California, 457
Bank of Galilean Fisherman, 512
Bank of the United States (BUS), 129, 152
Banks. See Black Banks
Banks, Charles. See Black Town Enterprises
Banks, Commercial and Government Deposits,
64-68
Banks Fried Chicken and Restaurant Com-
pany, 627
Banks, N. P. (General), 621
Banks, Thomas, 627
Banks, William V., 638
Banneker, Benjamin, 616
Bantu Business League (South Africa), 417
Bantu World Bank (South Africa), 593
Baptist Normal Theological School, 446
Baptiste-Augustin, Clara, 129
Baptiste, Eugene, 129
Barakett, Brett, 534
"Barber of Natchez," 337
Barbers. See Antebellum Black Business Ac-
tivities, Barbers; Black Barbers
Barber Shops, 274
Barden, Bella Marshall, 317
Barden Cablevision, 644
Barden Companies, 317
Barden, Don, 317
Barden International (BI), 317
Barker, Lex Nigel, 312, 568
Barett, Claude A., 288, 574
"Barnstorming" System, 415
Baroon, Emanuel and Mary, 128, 598, 615
Bartholomew, Joseph, 632
Baseball. See National Negro Baseball League;
Sports, Athlete Enterprises and Entrepre-
neurs
Basketball. See Sports, Athlete Enterprises and
Entrepreneurs
Bates, Timothy, xvii, 37, 107, 281, 367, 368-
69
Baynesville, VA, 304
Beale Street, 142, 357
Beale Street: Where the Blues Began, 357
BE 100 List. See Black Enterprise's Industrial/
Service 100
Beard, Andrew, 625
Beatles, 467
Beatrice International Foods (France), 311. See
also TLC Beatrice International Holdings;
Lewis, Reginald Francis
Beaumont, TX, 383
Beauticians Journal & Guide, 391
Beauty Star Cosmetics, 607
Beckett, Justin, xxv
Beckwourth, James P., 131
Beckwourth Pass, 131
Bedford-Stuyvesant Project, 278
Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation,
477
Beijing, 311
Belgium, 311
Bell, Al, 467
Bell, Alexander Graham, 623
Bell and Arnold Realty, 551
Bell, Derrick, 213
Bell, James Thomas "Cool Papa," 415
Bell, Ora T., 551
Bell Realty, 551
Bell, Thom, 468
Bell, Thomas, 457
Bell, Travers J., 322
Beloved, 596
Ben & Jerry's, 165
Beneficial Societies, Antebellum, 22, 435, 447-
49. See also Brown Fellowship Society
Benevolent Societies, 39, 447-49. See also
Antebellum Black Beneficial Societies; Fra-
ternal Organizations
Benezet Joint Stock Asssociation, 620
Bennett College, 287
Benson, Al, 463
Benson, Charles, 383
Benta (Funerals), 262
Bermuda, 308, 405
Berry, E. C., 133
Berry, Ed J., 133
Berry, Evelyn, 604-5
Berry Hotel, 133
Berry & Ross Department Stores, 605
Berry & Ross Doll Manufacturing Company,
604
Berry & Ross Manufacturing, Inc., 605
"Berry's Famous Brown Skin Dolls," 605
Bess, Robert T., 322
Bessie Coleman Aero Club, 459
Best's Insurance Reports, 547
BET, 309, 541
BET Cable Network, 335
BET Color Code Skin Care, 336
BET Direct, 336
BET Film Productions, 336
BET Financial Services, 336
BET Holdings, Inc., 335
BET Holdings II, Inc., 646
BET Movies, 647
BET Movies/STARZ!3, 336
"BET on Jazz," 309, 336
BET on Jazz International, 336
BET Networks, 337
BET Pictures, 336
BET SoundStage Casino, 336
BET Visa, 336
BET Weekend, 336
Bethel AME Church (Los Angeles), 145
Bethany Baptist Church, 145
Bethune-Cookman College, 348
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 348, 451, 603
BETI, Black Entertainment Television Interna-
tional
Better Boys Club of Chicago, 452
Better Family Planning, 435
Beulah, 557
Bibb, Lazurus, 520
Biddle, Nicholas, 129
Big Boy Restaurants, 643
"Big Chief Mason," 390
Big Emerging Markets (BEMs), 316
"Big Three," The, 51, 403. See also Auto
Dealers
Bill Cosby Show, The, 557
Bill Cosby. See William Henry Cosby, Jr.
Billion Dollar Company. See TLC Beatrice In-
ternational Holdings; Lewis, Reginald Fran-
cis
Bing, Dave, 402, 533, 538
Bing Group, 402
Binga, Jesse, 55, 68-70, 137, 138, 183, 451
Binga Safe Deposit Corporation, 68
Binga State Bank, 55, 138, 281, 440
Birmingham, AL, 172, 271
Birmingham Grate Coal Mining Company, 221-
22
Birth of a Nation (1915), 233
Bishop College, 94, 115, 167, 287
Black Airline Enterprises, 151-52, 312, 459,
567-68
Black Americans of Achievement (BAOA),
542
Black Auto Manufacturer, 50, 566
Black Bail Bondsman, 229
Black Banks, 245, 291-92, 429, 440, 446,
474, 525, 532, 538-39, 542, 550
Black Banks, Criticisms of 291-92, 440, 446,
532, 538-39, 542
Black Banks to 1933, 40, 55, 59-60, 68-69,
80, 82, 94, 138, 143, 571, 580, 603, 613
Black Banks (1934-1950s), 60, 580, 608, 633,
634
Black Banks since 1960, 55-56, 61, 63
Black Barber Colleges, 391
Black Barbers, 276, 297, 346. See also Binga,
Jesse; Hair Care Products Industry; Hem-
don, Alonzo Franklin; Merrick, John;
Thomas, James
Black Beneficial Societies. See Black Burial
Associations; Fraternal Organizations
Black Beaches, 3, 230, 565
Black Beauty Colleges. See Lelia Beauty Col-
lege; Poro Beauty School; Poro College, St.
Louis
Black Beauty Shops, 101, 254, 268, 284, 285,
449, 604, 632. See also Hair Care Products
Industry; Rose Meta House of Beauty;
Turnbo-Malone, Annie Mineral Pope;
Walker, Sarah Breedlove; Washington,
Sarah Spencer
Black Billion Dollar Company. See TLC Be-
atrice International
Black Boarding Houses, 456
Black Builders. See Construction Industry;
Construction/Contracting
Black Building and Loan Associations, 625
Black Burial Associations, 140, 255, 268, 296,
297. See also Fraternal Organizations
Black Business Acquisitions/Mergers, 139,
142, 174, 580. See also Black Banks; Black
Insurance Enterprises
Black Business Advertising, 369, 519
Black Business Capital Constraints, 103, 105
Black Business Capitalization, 106
Black Business Districts (BBD), 523-24. See
also Black Wall Street; Enclaves, Entrepre-
nerial; Great Migration, Black Entrepreneur-
ship
Black Business Equity Capital, 106
Black Business Firms Location. See South,
Black Business, 1860-1880
Black Business Growth, 103
Black Business Internet "Gateways," 319
Black Business Joint Ventures. See Black Joint
Ventures; Joint Ventures
Black Business Legal Constraints, 251. See
also Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Su-
preme Court Decisions; Jim Crow Era,
Business Impact
Black Business Loans. See Black Business
Venture Capital; Small Business Administra-
tion
Black Business Non-Minority Markets, 102,
141
Black Business, Number (1992). See Minority-
Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Black Business Performance Rates. See
Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Black Business Philosophies, 5, 40, 49, 69, 76,
94, 643
Black Business Receipts, 75, 112, 113, 368.
See Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Sur-
vey
Black Business Schools. See Business Schools,
Black Faculty; Business Schools, Histori-
cally Black Colleges and Universities; Busi-
ness Schools, New Professional Program,
School of Business and Industry; Business
Schools and Blacks
Black Business Sole Proprietorships, 111. See
also Black Sole Proprietorships
Black Business, Survival Rates, 122-23
Black Business Venture Capital, xxvi, 51, 102,
103, 569
Black Business/White Competition. See names
of individual industries
Black Business/White Employees, 203, 223,
253, 633
Black Business/White Hostility, 68, 82, 230,
232, 253. See Race Riots and American
Business
Black Businesses, Large, 121-22
Black Businesspeople/Political Activism, 646.
See names of individual businesspeople
Black Bus/Trolley Lines, 81, 94, 567, 626
Black Cable Ventures, 315, 535, 642. See also
BET; Cable Television Industry
Black Capitalism, 66, 76, 77, 122, 139, 210,
216-17, 377, 418
Black Capitalism Critiques, 75, 290, 292, 429,
474, 478
Black Casket Manufactures, 263-64
Black Caterers, 131-33
Black Cattle/Livestock Enterprises, 26, 239,
253, 358, 556
Black Charter Airlines, 568
Black Churches and Business, 22, 32, 40, 73,
85-87, 104, 112, 145, 264, 296, 417, 429,
512
Black Church Financial constraints, 145
The Black Church in the African American Ex-
perience, 144
Black Cigarmakers, 21, 27, 28, 229
Black Classics Press, 84
Black Clothing Designers, 249, 486. See also
Jones, Carl; Kani, Karl
Black Clothing Firms, 389, 483, 642
Black Coal Dealers, 228. See also Extractive
Industries, Enterprises
Black Coal Mining Firms 1992, 225
Black College Day, 98
Black Colleges, Financing, 1865-1900, 70-72
Black Colleges, Financing, 1900-1930, 73-75
Black Colleges, professional training in build-
ing industry, 32
Black Collegian, 430
Black Comic Books, 641
Black Commercial Airline, 568
Black Computer Technology Firms, 122, 165,
309-10, 318, 533, 318, 643. See also Max-
ima Corporation
Black Construction Industry, 32, 172-74, 203.
See also Architects; City of Richmond v.
J. A. Croson; Mayors, Black, and Black
Business; Black General Building Contrac-
tors, 174; Heavy Construction, 174; Special
Trade Contractors, 174; Subdividers and De-
velopers, 174
Black Consumer Market, 4-5, 101, 105, 306,
332, 339, 466, 604, 609, 633, 638
Black Consumers, 46, 137, 632
Black Cooperatives, 272, 628, 629, 632
Black Copartnerships. See Joint Ventures
Black Cosmetic Manufacturers, 253, 304, 308,
474, 483, 604, 606-7
Black Cosmetology Industry, 282-83. See also
Black Beauty Shops; Hair Care Products In-
dustry
Black Credit Unions, 246, 632-33
Black Criminal Business Activities. See Illegal
Black Businesses
Black Cross Navigation and Trading Com-
pany, 270
Black Cross-Over Markets, 277
Black Defense Contracts, 151, 173, 379, 632
Black Department Stores, xxi, 137, 245, 253
Black Disc Jockeys (DJs), 463-64
Black Economic Development Strategies, 109.
See also Entrepreneur Models, Black Com-
munity Economic Development
Black Economic Injustices. See Reparations
and African American Business
Black Elites, 451. See also Black Middle Class
Black Engineer Contractors, 172, 309
Black Ensemble Theater, 411
Black Enterprise, xxv, 165, 251, 315, 319,
430. See also Graves, Earl Gilbert
Black Enterprise's (BE) Industrial/Service 100,
107, 111, 122, 139, 318, 430, 467; Advertis-
ing, 7; Athlete Enterprises, 533, 535, 537;
Auto Dealers, 47, 48, 49, 567; Construction,
174, 224, 271; Extractive Industries, 224,
313; Food and Beverage Industry, 364; Hair
Care Products Industry, 95, 193; Media/En-
tertainment Enterprises, 449; Total Sales,
107; Transportation Enterprises, 568
Black Entertainment and Sports Lawyers Asso-
ciation (BESLA), 540
Black Entertainment Television, 309, 541
Black Entertainment Television International
(BETI), 309
Black Entertainment Network, 318
"Black Entrepreneur of the Century," 271
Black Entrepreneurship, 34-38, 101, 104, 106,
123
Black Export Firms, 301, 304, 306, 309, 310,
312, 542. See also International Trade En-
terprises
Black Extractive Enterprises. See also Extrac-
tive Industries, Enterprises
Black Farm Ownership Decline (1920-1992),
13-14, 16, 635
Black Farmers, 183. See also Agribusiness,
Virginia's Black Farmers
Black Fishing, Hunting, Trapping Enterprises
(1992), 224, 538
Black Fitness Center, 474
Black Football Players, 533
Black Forestry Enterprises (1992), 224
Black Franchise Owners (Franchisors), 243,
533, 609, 640, 641, 643, 645. See also
Franchise Units
Black Fraternal Order Banks. See Fraternal Or-
ganizations
Black Fraternal Order Burial Societies. See
Fraternal Organizations
Black Fraternal Order Insurance Companies.
See Fraternal Organizations
Black Fraternal Organizations, 99-100, 104,
172, 217, 230-31, 296. See also Fraternal
Organizations
Black Freemasonry. See Fraternal Organiza-
tions
Black General Merchandising Stores, 274,
519
Black GNP (Gross National Product), 339
Black Grocers. See Black Supermarket Chains
Black Funeral Homes. See Funeral and Mortu-
ary Enterprises; Funeral Business Firms; Fu-
neral Business History
Black Gangs Enterprises. See Illegal Black
Businesses, Organized Crime Activities
Black Hair Care Products, 641. See Hair Care
Products Industry
Black Hairdressers. See Black Beauty Shops
Black Health Care Industry Enterprises, 110,
246, 349, 355-56 435, 450, 451, 542, 624,
625, 640
Black Heavy Industry Enterprises, 223. See
Black Construction Industry; Extractive In-
dustries
Black High-Technology Enterprises, 122, 165,
309, 318, 533, 609. See also Black Com-
puter Technology Firms; Black Telecommu-
nications Enterprises
Black Hotels, 133-34, 218, 238, 245, 358,
521, 522, 551, 606, 622, 629, 634, 638
Black Import Firms, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310,
423
Black Industrial Metals and Mineral Firms,
224-25; See also Fuci Metals, USA
Black Innovators, 131, 555
Black Insurance Enterprises, 262-63, 276;
numbers, 298, 299, 633, 638; See also In-
surance Companies; Markets, Protected, and
Black Entrepreneurship
Black Internet Service Providers, 319. See also
Internet, Black Businesses Online, World
Wide Web
Black Interurban Transit Enterprises, 345, 566-
67, 569. See also Black Bus/Trolley Lines
Taxicab Enterprises
Black Investment Banking. See Investment
Banking
Black Jazz Records, 468
Black Joint Ventures, 203, 277. See also Joint
Ventures; Joint Venturting
Black, Joseph (Joe), 404
Black Labor, 139
Black Labor, White Wealth, 109
Black Laws of Illinois and a Few Reasons
They Should be Repealed, 344
Black Laundry Enterprises, 578
Black Lawyers, 17, 49, 137, 361, 363, 418,
540, 547, 550. See also Norris, James Aus-
tin
Black, Leah, 498
"Black Like Me" (South Africa), 314
Black Livery Firms, 521
Black Lumber Enterprises, 304, 359. See also
Extractive Industries, Enterprises
Black Mail Order Enterprises, 304, 305, 474,
584, 607, 626
Black Managers, 148, 150, 192. See also Cor-
porate America, Black Managers
"Black Man's Burden," 304
Black Manufacturers (USA), 306, 309-10,
369, 424, 483, 533, 542, 627. See also Auto
Parts Supply Industry, African Americans;
Hair Care Products Industry
Black Manufacturers, Overseas Subsidiaries,
105, 300, 312, 313, 314, 317, 346, 349
Black Market, 294. See also Illegal Black
Businesses, Organized Crime Activities
Black Mayors, 323. See also Mayors, Black;
Washington, Harold
Black Mergers, 174
Black MBA's, 115, 119-21, 151, 164, 418,
610. See also National Black MBA Associa-
tion
Black Mayoral Politics, and Construction In-
dustry, 173
"Black Mecca," 375
Black Metropolis, 137
Black Metal Mining Firms (1992), 225
Black Middle Class, 103, 139, 163, 218, 376,
445, 526
Black Middle Management, 120, 150. See also
Corporate America, Black Managers
Black Millionaires, 253, 289. See Sports, Ath-
lete Enterprises and Entrepreneurs
Black Mining Enterprises (1992), 224
Black Mortgage Companies, 634. See also
Travis, Dempsey
Black Movie Theaters, 644. See also Magic
Johnson/Sony Theaters
Black Multimedia Technologies, 335
Black Multinationals, 307-16
Black Musician Enterprises, 158. See also Re-
cording Industry
Black Music Divisions, White Record Compa-
nies, 469
Black Mutual Aid Societies. See Fraternal Or-
ganizations
Black Nationalism, 76, 168
Black Nationalist Leaders, 380, 400
Black Newspapers, 1-2, 427, 525, 550, 552,
582, 602, 642. See also Black Press
"Black on Black Love Campaign," 96
Black Nonmetallic Minerals Firms (1992), 225
Black Oil and Gas Extraction Firms (1992),
225
Black Oil-Land Owners, 82, 223. See also Ex-
tractive Industries
Black Oil-Coal Distribution Industries, 122
Black Opal Cosmetics and Skin Care, 607
Black Opal for Men, 607
Black Overseas Firms, 301, 306, 307, 308, 309
Black Overseas Subsidiaries, 309, 311, 314,
474. See also TLC Beatrice International
Holdings
Black Panther Oil Company, 223
Black Patentholders, 126-27, 310, 348, 349,
371, 389-90, 567, 622, 623, 625; Women,
604, 609, 623
Black Patty Records, 466
Black Personal Service Enterprises, 36. See
also Personal Services Enterprises
Black Pharmacists, 55, 550
Black Pharmaceutical Enterprises, 349
Black Philanthropists. See Adams, William
Lloyd; Binga, Jesse; Bronner, Nathaniel H.;
Cottrell, Comer J., Jr.; Hair Care Products
Industry; Herdon, Alonzo Franklin; Hern-
don, Norris Bumstead; Johnson, George C.;
Johnson, John Harold, Lewis, Reginald
Francis; Philanthropysts, Black; Winfrey,
Oprah
Black Plantation Owners, 337. See Durford,
Andrew; Slaveholders, Large Black
Black Population, 113, 314
Black Power, Black Business, 1960s, 75-77;
Symbols in advertising, 6
Black Press, 1-3, 83, 109, 137, 151, 287, 335,
424, 538. See also Black Newspapers
Black Printers, 443
Black Professional Sports Team Owners, 535-
36
Black Publicly Traded Companies. See Stock
Market Listings
Black Publishing Industry, xxv-xxvi. See also
Black Newspapers; Black Press; Book Pub-
lishers, Commercial; Book Publishers, Insti-
tutional and Religious
Black Railroad Enterprises, 181, 220, 565, 639
Black Real Estate Enterprises. See Adams,
William Lloyd; Binga, Jesse; Church, Rob-
ert J.; DePriest, Oscar Stanton; Herdon,
Alonzo Franklin; Lawless, Theodore Ken-
neth; Nail, John B; Payton, Philip A.; Perry,
Herman; Thomas, James; Travis, Demp-
sey J.
Black Real Estate Ventures (Organizations).
See Father Divine; Nation of Islam-
Enterprises; Universal Negro Improvement
Association
Black Real Estate Ventures (Women). See Ma-
son, Biddy; Pleasant, Mary Ellen; "Pig Foot
Mary"
Black Resorts, 3-4, 230, 560, 606, 629
Black Restaurants, 134, 140; See also Cater-
ing, Inns, Hotels; Food Services and Hotel
Industries
Black Retail Merchants, 245, 274-76
Black Revolution, 84, 418
Black Saloons, 346. See also Church, Robert
Jr.
Black Savings and Loans (S&L), 139-40, 269,
642
Black Scientists, 349, 355. See also Carver,
George Washington, Julian, Percy Lavon
Black Shipping Enterprises, 175-76, 179, 301,
357. See also International Trade Enterprises
Black Soap Opera, 360
Black Sole Proprietorships, 386, 532, 640
Black Sports Apparel Manufacturers, 539, 640
Black Stars, 332
Black Star Line Steamship Corporation, 76,
269, 270, 304
Black Steamboat Owners, 179, 625
Black Stockbrokers, 322. See also Investment
Banking
Black Supermarket Chains, 363, 636, 642
Black Swan Records, 444, 466
Black Talent, 319
Black Talent News, 319
Black Technology Firms. See Black Computer
Technology Firms; Black High-Technology
Enterprises; Black Telecommunications En-
terprises
Black Teenage World Scholarship Pageant,
193
Black Telecommunications Enterprises, xxv,
309, 315, 542, 644
Black Television Executives, 558
Black Television News Anchors, 559
Black Television Shows, 557
Black Television Station Owners, 558
Black Tennis, 560
Black Town Enterprises-Mound Bayou; Isa-
iah T. Montgomery, Charles Banks, 77-81
Black Towns, 77-78, 80, 622, 624, 626
Black Transportation Enterprises, 369, 565-69.
See also Black Railroad Enterprises
Black Union League Organization, 180
Black Union Solders, 59, 329
Black United Fund of Illinois, 411
Black Wall Street, 81-83, 202, 339. See also
Durham, NC, Entrepreneurial Enclaves in
the African American Experience; Tulsa,
Oklahoma
Black Wealthholding, 103, 106, 108, 112-13,
211, 223, 370, 517, 537
Black WebSites. See Internet, Black Business
Online, World Wide Web
Black/White Business Partnerships, 172, 520.
See also Joint Ventures
Black Wholesalers, 276, 310, 312, 329, 346
Black Women Business Enterprises: Corporate
Management, 164, 610-11; Great Depres-
sion, 605; Great Migration, 603-5; Post
Civil Rights Era, 607-12; World War II
Era, 605-7. See also Women, Business En-
terprises
Black Women, Domestics and Laundresses,
90, 602
Black Women, Philanthropists. See Couvent,
Madame Bernard; Mason, Biddy; Pleasant,
Mary Ellen; Walker, Sarah Breedlove; An-
nie Turnrbo-Malone, Annie Minerva Pope;
Washington, Sarah Spencer; Winfrey, Oprah
Black Women in the Labor Force, 587
Black Women School Founders, 451
Black Women Technology Enterprises, 609
Black Working Class, 292, 293, 326
The Black Worker, 290
Black World, 332
Black Yankees, 415
Black Yellow Pages, 430
Blackboard African American Bestsellers List,
89
Blacks and Information Age, 335. See also In-
ternet, Black Business Online, World Wide
Web
Blacks and Race Tracks. See Race Tracks
Blair, Henry, 618
Blake, Wilton, 212
Blandin, A., 28
Blaxploitation Film Movement, 235-36
Blayton Business School, 550
Blayton, Jesse B., 464, 550
BLMIYA Corporation, 550
Blodgett, J. H., 624
Bloomington, Indiana, 86
BlockBuster, 643
Blue Seas Quick Service Dine-In/Carry Out
Restaurant, 426
Blumrosen, Albert, 586
BML Associates, 535
B'nai B'rith Foundation, 356
Bogle, Robert, 129
Bolivia, 96
Bonacich, Edna, 201
Bond, Alan, 608
Bond, Procope Capital Management, 607
Bond, Ulysses S., 264
Bonneau, Thomas, 23
Bonnett, Aubrey W., 476, 477-78
Book of the Month, 357
Book Publishers, Commercial, 83-84
Book Publishers, Institututional and Religious,
84-87
Book Stores, Commercial, 87-90, 618
Booker T. Washington Business College, 271
Booker T. Washington Broadcasting, 272
Booker T. Washington Insurance Company,
271, 640
"Booker T. Washington of South Africa," 417
Boon, James, 171
Booth, Newton, 456
Bosley, Freeman, Jr., (Mayor), 374
Bosnia, 96, 214
Bostian Ken, 300, 493, 562
Boston, 7, 131
Boston [T. D.] Consulting Group, 185
Boston, Thomas D., 106, 111, 386
Bottner, Irving, J., 289
Boutte, Alvin, 55
Bowles, Barbara Landers, 610
Bowman, Emesta, 299. See also Procope, Er-
nesta
Boxing, 352, 531, 532, 537-38
Boy Scouts of America, 278, 530
Boy's Club, 452
Boycotts, Economic, 90-93, 148, 217, 642
Boyd, Henry, 170
Boyd, Richard Henry, 94-95, 417
Boyd, Robert L., 36, 37, 255, 283, 284
Boyer International Laboratories, 253
Bracheer, Leo, 384
Bracken, James, 466
Bracken, Vivian Carter, 466
Bradley, Henrietta, 609
Bradley, Thomas (Mayor), 373
Brainstorm Advertising, 6
Bratsk Aluminum (Siberia), 313
Brazil, 96, 306, 308, 309, 314
Bread-Making Machine, 131
Bridenbaugh, Carl, 499
Brigantine Hotel, 606
Brimmer, Andrew, 173-74, 280, 367, 478
British Columbia, 302
British Guiana, 270
British Honduras (Belize), 269
Broadcast Enterprises Network, 324
Broadside Press, 84, 88
Broadway Financial, 542
Bronner Bros., 95
Bronner Bros. Inc., 95
Bronner, Arthur E., 95
Bronner, Nathaniel H., 95-96
Brooklyn, NY, 226
Bronx, 48
Bronze Peacock Club and Restaurant, 474
Bronzeville, 184
Bronzeman, 140
Brook, Albert, 564
Brooklyn Dodgers, 530
Brooklyn, IL, 78. See also Lovejoy, IL
Brooklyn Hip Hop Boutique (Japan), 310
Brooklyn Law School, 547
Brooks, Bill, 408. See National Black MBA
Association
Brooks, Pauline, 609
Brooks Sausage, 310
Brotherhood Crusade, 410
Brown and Payton Realty Company, 445
Brown Belle Bottling Company, 271
Brown Bomber Baking Company, 531
Brown Boy Bottling Company, 550
Brown Bootz and Coddington, 185
Brown, Demetrius (Tony), 312, 533
Brown Fellowship Society, 25, 245, 395, 447
Brown, A. C., 630
Brown, Jim, 533
Brown, John, 343
Brown, Juanita, 407
Brown, Ronald Harmon, 96-97
Brown, Tony [William Anthony], 97-98
Brown v. Board of Education, 134, 173, 187,
418, 434
Brown, Willa Beatrice Brown. See also Coffey
School of Aeronautics
Brown, William H., III, 433
Brown, William Washington, 245, 296, 395
Brown, Winifred, 609
Brunson, Dorothy E., 464, 608
Bryant Stratton College (Chicago), 48
Buffalo Booking Agency, 472
Buffalo Livestock Exchange Board, 239
Buffalo, NY, 239
Bulls. See Chicago Bulls
Bunche, Ralph, 290, 633
Bundles, A'Lelia, 572, 582
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 150
Burger King Corporation, 243, 326, 361, 533,
609, 644
Burnside, John, 492-93
Burroughs, Margaret, 393
Burnett, Edward C., 310
Burrell Advertising, 6, 334
Burrell Communications Group, 5, 98
Burrell, Thomas J., 5, 6, 98-99
Busby, Jheryl, 469, 538
Bush, George (President), 139
Bush, John Edward, 99-101
Business and Society Review, 120, 121
"Business As Public Service," 286
Business Graduates, 102, 105, 106, 114-15.
See also Black MBA's
Business, Traditional and Emerging Lines,
101-4
Business Development, Twentieth Century,
104-8
Business Doctorates, Black, 120
Business Motivation, Guidelines for Twenty-
First Century, 108-11
Business Ownership, Since 1969, 111-14
Business Schools, Black Faculty, 120, 418-19,
550
Business Schools, Historically Black Colleges
and Universities (HBCUs), 114-15, 512-
513
Business Schools, New Professional Program,
School of Business and Industry (SBI), Flor-
ida A&M University, 115-18
Business Schools and Blacks, 41, 118-21, 418
Business Success Factors, 49
Business Trends, Post-1960's, 121-23, 513.
See also Downsizing, Corporate; Affirmative
Action, Retrenchment; Civil Rights Era,
Post, Black Business
Business Venture Capital, 511
Business Week, 431, 535
Bustill, Cyrus, 128
Butcher, Henry, 380
Butler College, 287
Butler, Benjamin (General), 454
Butler, John Sibley, xvii, 35, 36, 82, 362
Butler, Lurany, 617
Butler, Stuart M, 206
"Buy Black," 181, 210, 526
Buy Black Network, 319, 430
"Buy Freedom" campaign, 97
Buxton, Iowa, 78
Bynoe, Peter, 535

C

C & S Records, 466
"C" Corporations, 386. See also Subchapter C
Corporations
C. D. Moody Construction, 479
C. E. Ford Company, 239
C. H. James & Co. See James, Charles Howell
C. Itoh (Japan), 311
Cable News Network, 558
Cabin in the Sky (1943), 235
Cabinet Makers. See Antebellum Black Busi-
ness Activities, Cabinet Makers
Cable Jazz Channel, 309
Cable Television Industry, 336, 364, 463, 548,
558. See also Johnson, Robert L.
Cablinasian, 534
Cabrini Connection, 411
Cain, Herman, 641, 645
Cal Merchant Bank (Ghana), 311
Calabar, (Nigeria), 437
Caldwell, Henry, 469
"California Curl," 282
California Gold Rush of 1849, 221
California State University, 352
The Call, 457
Calloway, Cab, 551
Calvert New Africa Fund, 311
Cameroon, 309
Campbell, John 506
Campbell, Keith (Bill). See Mayors, Black,
and Black Business
Canada, 302, 308, 311
Canada West, 302
Canary Islands, 312
"Capital of the Black Middle Class," 436
Capital Savings Bank, 104
Capitalism and Race Relations, 168
Capitalism and Slavery, 291
Capitol Cafe, 132
Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs, Ltd, 542
Care Free Curl, 268, 282. See also Gardner,
Edward G.
Caribbean, 110, 166, 475
Caribbean American Chamber of Commerce
and Industry, 477
Caribbean Economic Community, 308
Caricom, 308
Carnegie, Andrew, 223
Carnegie-Mellon, 120
Carolina Panthers, 535
Caroline Jones, Inc. (Advertising), 6
Carpenters. See Antebellum Black Business
Activities, Carpenters
Carrie Steele Logan Orphanage for Black Chil-
dren, 549
Carr's Beach (Maryland), 3
Carson, Inc., 331, 535, 542, 610, 646
Carter Presidential Center, 479
Carter, Calvin, 466
Carter, James [President], 17
Carter, Stephen, 214
Carver Federal Savings, 542
Carver, George Washington, 124-128
Carver Penol Company, 124, 127
Carver Products Company, 124, 126
Carver, Vivian, 466, 608
Carvoline Company, 124
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 601
Casenave, Pierre A. D., 28
Cassius Clay. See Muhammad Ali
Cassey, Joseph, 220
Caste, Class and Race, 168
Caste System and Black Business, 112. See
also Separate Economy
Catering, Inns, Hotels, 129-134
Caterers Manufacturing and Supply Company,
132
Catholic Church, 70, 230, 449
Catholic Institute for the Care of Orphans, 450
Catholic Orphan Asylum, 449
Catholic Priests, 449
Catskill Mountain Resort, 606
Cattle/Livestock Enterprises. See Black Cattle/
Livestock Enterprises
Cayenne, British Guiana, 474
CBS, 182, 483, 557, 558
C-D Rom Products, 542
Cellular and Cordless Phones, xxv, 315. See
also Black Telecommunications Enterprises
Central Africa, 309
Central America, 100, 306
Central Brooklyn Federal Credit Union, 476
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 586
Central Life Insurance, 603
Challenger Air Pilots Association, 472
Challenger Air Pilots Flying Field, 472
Chanute Air Field, 473
Charles, Ezzard, 532
Chapman, Nathan A., 646
Chapman Holdings, 646
Chappell, Emma, 608, 644
Chappelle, Thomas, 466
Charlotte, North Carolina, 85
Chase Manhattan Bank, 164, 278, 476
Chauffeurs' School, 231
Chaumette, Alexandre, 28
Chemical Bank of New York, 60, 476
Chenault, Kenneth I., 164, 431, 647
Cherokee Nation, 432
Cherry Deron, 535
Chesapeake and Liberia Trading Company,
301, 619
Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dry Dock
Company, 134-36
Chess Records, 466, 467, 472
Chevalier, Omar, 302
Chevis Products, Ltd., 52. See also National
Association of Black Automobile Suppliers
Chevis-Johnson Controls venture, 53
Chevy Chase Federal Savaings Bank, 327
Cheyenne, WY, 239
Chez Jim (Malta), 306
Chicago Bears, 533
Chicago Bee, 439-40
Chicago Black Expo, 468
Chicago, Black Business History, 1, 5-6, 55-
56, 132, 136-40, 183, 263, 343, 439. See
also Binga, Jesse; DePriest, Oscar Stanton;
Fuller, S. B.; Hair Care Products Industry;
Overton, Anthony; Travis, Dempsey; Wash-
ington, Harold
Chicago Board of Education, 183
Chicago Board of Trade and Commodities
Exchange, 322
Chicago Bulls, 312, 533, 535
Chicago Defender, 1-3, 232, 348, 382-83
Chicago Defender Charities, 348
Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company,
140-42, 298, 547
Chicago School of Music, 451
Chicago Teachers College, 267
Chicago Theological Seminary, 326
Chicago Tribune, 344
Chicago Urban Leaue, 139
Chicago Vietnam Veterans and Family Assis-
tance, 411
Chicago Whip, 137
Child, Lydia Marie, 241
Chile, 96
China, 96, 309, 316
Chinese-Americans. See Asian/Black Entrepre-
neurship, Comparison
Chocolate Chip Cookies. See Amos, Wallace
Jr.
Chock Full O' Nuts Corporation, 532
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 146
Christian Ethics, 214
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 86
Christianity, 304
Chrysler, 46, 53, 112, 403, 555. See also Auto
Dealers; Auto Parts Supply Industry, African
Americans
Church of Christ, 380
Church of God in Christ (COGIC), 86, 144
Church of God in Christ Publishing Company,
86
Church of God Movement, 379
Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apos-
tolic Faith, 433
Church, Robert Reed, Sr., 142-43
Church, Robert, Jr., 143
Churches, Black Independent (1890-1997),
and Business, 32, 73, 143-47; 264. See also
Black Churches and Business
Cigar Makers. See Black Cigarmakers
Cincinnati, Ohio, 133, 170
Cineplexes, 237
Citibank, 362
Citizens Bank of Louisianta, 321
Citizens and Southern Bank and Trust Com-
pany, 613
Citizens Committee of Colored Creoles, 451
Citizens Federal Savings and Loan Associa-
tion, 272
Citizens Savings Bank and Trust, 186
Citizens Railway Company, 345
Citizens Trust Bank of Atlanta, 549
Citizens Trust Company, 297
City Beverage Company, 479
City Lands Corporation, 57
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989),
107, 114, 173, 174, 184, 481-82, 514, 641
Civil Aeronautics Authority, 151
Civil Libertarianism, 216
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 104
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 111, 148, 406
Civil Rights Era and Black Business, 46, 112,
149-50, 532, 543. See also Affirmative Ac-
tion
Civil Rights Era, Pre, Black Business, 112,
120; Black Athletes, 531. See also Separate
Economy
Civil Rights Era, Post, Black Business, 52,
113, 139-40, 161-62, 327, 308, 416. See
also Affirmative Action Retrenchment, Im-
pact on Black Busines; Affirmative Action
Retrenchment, Supreme Court Decisions;
Business Ownership, Since 1969
Civil Rights Movement, 93, 543, 555
Civil Rights Movement and Black Business,
93, 139, 139, 147-51, 543. See also Affir-
mative Affirmative Action; Impact on Black
Business
Civil Rights Movement Impact on Black Busi-
ness: Auto Dealers, 46-47, 49, 51
Civil War, 59, 70, 78, 100, 104, 133, 188,
302, 303, 329, 346, 454, 494
Civil War and Black Business, 516
Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP), 151
Claiborne, Liz, 312
Clara's House Shelter, 411
Clark-Atlanta University School of Business,
115, 119, 184
Clark, Edward V., 130
Clark, Olivia, 473
Clark, Robert, 564
The Clansman, 233
Class and Race (Sports), 537
Class Resources and Black business, 37, 478
The Claverite, 231
Clay, David, 620
Clay, John, 321
Clemson University, 33
Cleveland Call, 390
Cleveland Call and Post, 2, 390, 538
Cleveland Association of Colored Men, 390
Cleveland, Ohio, 85
Clinton, William (President), 58, 96, 207-8,
347, 647
Clio Award, 98
Clothes Cleaning and Repairing Rooms, 344
CME Publishing House, 86
CNN, 558
Coal Mining Firms (1992), 225
Coca Cola Company, 7, 99, 126-27, 148, 315,
404
Coca Cola Bottling Company of New York,
363
Coca Cola Enterprises, 191
Code of Conduct, 217. See The "Sullivan
Principles"
Coethnic Consumer Markets, 280. See Mar-
kets, Protected, and Black Entrepreneurship
Coffey, Cornelius Ribunson, 472. See also
Coffey School of Aeronautics
Coffey School of Aeronautics (Cornelius Ri-
bunson Coffey and Willa Beatrice Brown),
151-52
Coffin, Levi, 576
Cognos Advertising, 6
Cohen, Lyon, 468
Coker, Daniel (Reverend), 301
Cole, Harry, 4
Cole, Johnetta, 452
Cole, Peter K., 303
Cole, Robert A., 140
Cole, Robert, 415
Cole Taylor, 55
Cole's American Giants, 415
Colgate-Palmolive, 361
College of Wiliam and Mary, 44
Collins Chicago Study. See Corporate Amer-
ica, Black Managers
Colonial America, Black Business, 152-54;
447; Black Musicians, 158; Women, 597-98
Colonial America, Slave Market Women, 155-
57; 598
Colonial New England, African Economic Sur-
vivalisms, 157-59; 597
Colonialism, Impact on African Business, 7-8,
328,
Colonialism, Impact on African Property Own-
ership, 9
Color, 287
The Color Purple, 596
Colorado Lincoln Hills Development Com-
pany, 629
Colorado Statesman, 582
Colored American, 624
Colored American Institute for the Promotion
of the Mechanic Arts And Science, 620
Colored American Magazine, 83
Colored Caulkers' Trades Union Society, 135
Colored Cooperative Publishing Company, 83
Colored Free Masons, 525
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 73, 86,
144
Colored Men's Physicians, Dentists and Phar-
macists Club, 136
Colored Merchants Association (CMA), 399,
512, 630, 631
Colored National Convention, 344. See also
National Negro Convention Movement
Colored Players Film Corporation, 234
Colored State Fair, 345
Colored Men's Professional and Business Di-
rectory (1885), 136
Colored People's Blue Book of Chicago
(1905), 137
Columbia Bank (PA), 321, 510
Columbia Broadcasting Company, 380. See
also CBS
Columbia Railroad, 565
Columbia University, 290, 355, 363, 407, 594
Cominsky Park, 416, 535
Colvis & Dumas, 28
Colvis, Joseph, 28
Commerical Bank and Trust Company, 580
Commision on Interracial Cooperation, 124
A Common Destiny: Blacks and American So-
ciety, 112
Communist Party, 183, 227
Community Bank of Lawndale, 55
Community Law Project, 411
Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), 30, 56,
102, 476. See also Banking, Chicago Com-
munity Development, Community Reinvest-
ment Act
"Compelling State Interest," 481
Competition. See Black Business/White Com-
petition
Comprehensive Business Resource Center, 477
Comptroller of the Currency, 57, 61
Computer Technology. See Black Computer
Technology Firms
Comstock Mining Boom, 457
Concord Baptist Church (Brooklyn), 145
Cone Corp. v. Hillsbrough County, 186
Confederates, 260, 346, 494
Congo. See Zaire
Congress of Racial Equality, 77, 144
Connecticut, 224
Conrad, Earl, 88
Conservative Black Economic Nationalism, 97
Consolidated Edison, 638
Consolidated Lasting Machine Company, 372
Consortium for Graduate Study in Manage-
ment, 121
Construction Industry, 174, 185. See also
Black Construction Industry
Construction/Contracting, 122; and Federal
Government, 173
Consumer Market. See Black Consumer Mar-
ket
Concessions International Corporation, 479
Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, 580,
642
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 353
Continental Army, 128
Contract Set-Aside Program, 150. See also
Federal Contracts; Set-Asides, Minority
Business
"Contract With America," 278
Convenience Corporation of America, 645
Convention Industry, 376
Converse (Sports Shoes), 533
Conyers, John, Jr., 49
Conyers, Nathan G., 49
Conyers Riverside Ford, 49
Cook, Sarah, 29
Cooke, H. D., 252
Cooper, Edward Elder, 624
Cooper, Jack L., 463
"Cooperative Economics," 353, 354
"Cooperative Industry," 401
Cooperative Enterprises, 430, 476
Cooperative Financial Insitutions, 292
Coors Brewing, 177
Copper Romance, 332
CORE, 77, 144
Corley, Lester, 645
Cornelius, Charles H., 43
Cornell University, 120
Corn Planting Machine, 618
Comes & Co., Ltd (Japan), 310
Cornwell, W. Don, 541, 608, 641
Corporate America, Black Managers, 150, 159-
64
Corporate America's Black Executives, 162,
164-66, 642, 644
Corporation of Caterers (NY), 132
Correction Connection, Inc., 640
Cortisone, 349
Cosby, Camille, 452
Cosby, William "Bill,"Henry, Jr., 363, 452,
535, 536, 557
Cosmetic Manufacturers. See Black Cosmetic
Manufacturers
Cosmetology Schools. See Black Beauty Col-
leges
Cosmopolitan Chamber of Commerce, 138
Costa Rica, 270, 583
Cotton Gin, 45, 170, 199, 518
Cotton Planting Machine, 618
Cotton Production, Black Farmers Pre-World
War I, 12
Cottonwood Hot Springs Spa Motel, 96
Cottrell, Comer J., 166-67, 283, 535
Cottrell Foundation, 167
Couvent, Madame Bernard, 449
Coverall North America, 243
Cowles Business Media, 353
Cox Broadcasting, 548
Cox Brothers Funeral Home, 551
Cox, Charles and Allen, 551
Cox, Minnie, 603
Cox, Oliver Cromwell, 167-69
Craftsmen Aero-News, 459
Craftsmen of Black Wings, Inc., 459
Craftsmen Manufacturing, Construction, 169-
74
Crain's Chicago Business, 268
Cramps Ship Building Company, 132
Crisis, 232, 289, 444
Creek Freedman, 223
Creek Nation, 223
Creek Negroes, 223
Creektown Trading Houses (Nigeria), 437
Crest Toothpaste, 533
Criminal Activities. See Illegal Black Busi-
nesses, Organized Criminal Activities
Croatia, 96
Cromwell, Levi, 131
Croson. See City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson
Co.
Cross Colours, 642
Crowell, W. R., 383
Crummell, Alexander, 303
Cuba, 270, 304, 306, 474
Cudahy and Company, 239
Cuffe, Paul, 175-76, 219, 240-41, 300, 307,
448, 562
Cuffe & Howards, 175
Cullers, Marian, 177
Cullers, Vincent, 4, 177
Culture of Peace Programme (UNESCO), 545
Culver, Taylor, 33
Cunningham "Mama" Carrie, 551
Cunningham, Wendell T., 550
Curly Kit, 167
Currie, T. E., 565
Curry, Leonard, 251, 447
Curtis, Austin, 127
Curtom Record Company, 468
Czech Republic, 644