Index of
Encyclopedia of African American Business History

edited by
Juliet E.K. Walker
© 1999 Greenwood Press
Reproduced 2002 with permission of the publisher

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G

Gadhafi, Muammar, 427
Gaines, N. Walter, 558
Gall, Amelia, 599
Gallo Winery, 7
Gamble and Huff Enterprises, 468
Gamble, Kenneth, 467
G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Cream, 389
G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company, 389
G. A. Morgan Refining Company, 389
Gambling and Black Business, 131, 141, 142.
See also Illegal Black Businesses, Organized
Criminal Activities
Gantt, Harvey, 33
Garden, John, 461
Gardena, California, 166
Garden State Cable TV, 642
Gardner, Edward G., 267-68, 282, 286, 535,
611
Gardner, Gary, 267, 268
Gardner, Newport, 616
Gardner, Terri, 611
Garnett, Henry Highland, 303
Garrison, William Lloyd, 175, 241, 448
Garvey, Amy Jacques, 269, 304
Garvey, Marcus, 76, 176, 210, 268-71, 304-5,
430, 431, 444
Gas Heating Furnace Invention, 604
Gas Mask Invention, 389. See also Morgan,
Garrett Augustus
Gaston, Arthur George, 261, 263, 271-73, 452
Gaston, Minnie, 270
Gate City Drug Store, 549
Gate City Free Kindergarten, 40
Gateway National Bank, 55, 635
Gatorade, 533
Gaye, Marvin, 18
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 208
Gender Equality, 327
General Education Board, 74
General Electric, 433, 623, 630
General Foods, 148, 164, 326, 333, 610
General Mills, 533
General Motors (GM), 46, 112, 140, 313, 317,
403, 408. See also Auto Dealers; Auto Parts
Supply Industry
Gender Discrimination, 156, 585
"Genius With the Midas Touch," 606
Genovese, Eugene, 489
George Washington Carver Foundation, 127
Georgia, Black Business, 1890-1915, 273-77
Georgia Democratic White Primary, 187
Georgia Institute of Technology, 319
Georgia Pacific Building, 479
Georgia Prince Hall Masons, 186
German-Jewish Slaveholder, 28
Germany, 304, 306, 311, 644
Ghana, 307, 311, 312
Gibbs, Mifflin W., 302
Gibson, Althea, 559
Gibson, Josh, 414
Gibson, Kenneth (Mayor). See also Mayors,
Black, and Black Business
Gibson, Truman, 298
Gidron, Richard, 48-49
Gilbert, Jarobin, 557-58
Gillespie, Frank L., 546, 629
Gillette Co., 7, 288
Gillette, Frankie Jacobs, 406
Giraud, Stephen, 248
Giuliani, Rudolph, 477
Glass, Carter (Senator), 60
Glass Ceiling, 118, 217, 610
Glenn, Mildred, 639
Glidden Paint Company, 349
Global Political Economy, 10, 110, 189, 313-
317, 478. See also Population (1995)
GM. See General Motors
Godfather's Pizza, 641, 645
Godwin, John, 515
Goings, Russell, 322
Gold Coast (West Africa), 417
Gold Forever Music (Records), 467
Gold Mines, 307. See also Extractive Indus-
tries, Enterprises
Gold Mining, 221, 620
Gold Strike, 302
Gold Rush, 455
Golden State Insurance Company, 630
Golf, 4, 531, 534, 606, 625
"Good Faith Agreements," 592
Good Times, 557
Goode, Wilson (Mayor). See also Mayors,
Black, and Black Business
Goodrich (Goodridge), William, 170-71, 249,
564-65, 576
GOP. See Republican Party
Gordon, Robert, 221
Gordy, Berry, Jr., 182, 277, 467
Gordy Company, 277
Gospel Music, 110, 269, 472, 557
Gospel Spreading Church of God, 381
Gospel Spreading Tabernacle Building Associ-
ation, 380
Government Contracts and Minority Business,
150, 481. See also Set-Asides, Minority
Business
Government Loans, 102. See also Small Busi-
ness Administration
Grambling State University, 115
Grameen Bank (Bangladesh), 477
Grand Fountain of the United Order of True
Reformers. See True Reformers
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, 245
Granite Broadcasting, 318, 541-42, 643
Granito, Lori, 311
Grant and Stone Store, 301
Grant Company, W. T., 529
Grant, George F., 625
Grants, 474
Grant, Ulysses S. (President), 238, 252
Grassroots Alternatives for Public Policy, 412
Grassroots Initiatives for Economic Develop-
ment, 412
Graves, Earl Gilbert, 111, 277-78, 331, 430,
431, 535. See also Black Enterprise
Gray, Cecil, 490
Gray, Simon, 278-79. See also Slave Entrepre-
neurs and Intrapreneurs
Gray, William H., 115
Great Britain, 9. See also England
Great Chicago Fire, 344
Great Depression, 168, 191, 210
Great Depression and Nation's Banks, 55, 60,
291, 580
Great Depression and Black Business failures,
280-81, 339, 464; Numbers of (1930-1940),
555
Great Depression, effects on: Black Aviation
Enterprise, 459; Black Banks, 138, 440, 631;
Black business districts, 339, 527, 552;
Black Film Production, 235; C. H. James &
Co., 329; Construction Industry, 172; Farm-
ers, 13, 183; Father Divine, 227-28; Frater-
nal Organizations, 246; Illegal activities and
venture capital, 140, 293, 415; Insurance
Companies, 298, 436, 440; International en-
terprises, 306; Madam C. J. Walker Manu-
facturing Company, 584; Manufacturing
Enterprises, 105; Poro Hair Products, 574;
Protest activities, 92-93; Self Help Activi-
ties, 380
Great Depression and Black Business Survi-
vors, Funeral and Mortuary Industry, 261;
Sarah Spencer Washington (Apex), 305;
Murray Cosmetic Company, 306; North
Carolina Mutural, 436; Hobart Taylor Cabs,
555; Consolidated Bank and Trust Com-
pany, 580; Citizens Trust Bank of Atlanta,
549. See also Atlanta Life Insurance Com-
pany; Booker T. Washington Insurance
Company; Golden State Insurance Company;
Mechanics and Farmers Bank; Universal
Life Insurance Company
Great Migration, Black Entrepreneurship, 2,
68, 183, 279-81, 255, 261, 390, 445, 546;
European Immigrants, 280; Women Enter-
prises, 603-4
Great Philadelphia Trading Company, 468
Great Plains, 381
Green Bay Packers, 533
Green, Clifford Scott, 433
Green, Joseph, 29
Green, Kim, 165
Green, Thomas, 22
Greenbrier, Mr., 576
Greene, Lorenzo, 171
Greenlee Field, 415; Newspapers, black, 1-3
Greenlee, William August "Gus," 415, 416
Greensboro (NC) Sit-In, 326
Greenwood District. See Black Wall Street;
Enclaves, Entrepreneurial; Tulsa, Oklahoma
Greer, Prince, 260
Gregory, Dick, 640
Greyhound Corporation, 404
Grice, Hezekiah, 301
Griffey, Dick, 224, 308, 467
Griffith, Mark Winston, 476
Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 586
Griggs, Sutton E. Reverend, 84
Grigsby Brandford and Co., 311, 322
Grigsby, Calvin, 311, 644
Grimes Oil Company, 224
Grimes, William, 158
Grisham, Daryl, 140
Grog shops, 131
Groves, Junius G., 565
Gryzwinski, Ronald, 57
G-III Apparel Group, 337
Guarantee Bank and Trust Company. See Na-
tion of Islam Enterprises
Guide Publishing Company, 83
Guaranty Bank and Trust, 55
Gulf-Western Complex, 467
Gumbillotte, Oscar, 28
Gundles, John H., 322
Gurin, Patricia, 586
Guthrie, Carlton, 402
Guyana, 312
Guyanese-American, 568

H

Hagler, H. A., 551
Haile Selassie (Emperor), 4721
Haines Institute, 443, 451
Hair Care Products Industry, 282-90, 309,
483, 624, 646
Hairdressers. See Black Beauty Shops
Hair Pullers, 572
Haiti, 270, 300, 302, 304
Haitian Imports, 306
Haitian Revolution, 23
Half-Century, 441
Hall, Don Carlos, 21
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo, 27
Hall-Jordan (Funerals), 258
Hall, Peter, 205
Hall, William F., 433
Halliburton, R., 494
Hallmark (Cards), 354
Hamilton, Forest, 467
Hamilton, Samuel, 553
Hamilton, Thomas, Sr., 83
Hammond, James, 499-500
Hampton Conference, 625
Hampton, Gladys, 466, 608
Hampton Institute, 32, 284
Hampton Institute Press, 84
Hampton, Lionel, 466, 608
Hampton Records, 608
Hampton-Tuskegee Model of Industrial Educa-
tion, 71
Hampton University Association of New York,
306
Handy, William C., 443, 466
Hanover Direct, 146
Hansberry, Carl A. and N. Louise, 452
Hansberry Foundation, 452
Hansberry, Lorraine, 452
Happy News, 380
Happy News Cafe, 380
Harambee House, 638
Hargrave, Alfred, 518
Harlem, 87, 88, 226, 264, 271, 285, 399, 445
Harlem Airport (IL), 151
Harlem Broadcasting Corporation, 464
Harlem Globetrotters, 535
Harlem Renaissance, 143, 269
Harlem Textile Works, 354
Harleston, David, 468
Haney, R. H., 220
Harold: The Peoples Mayor, 571
Harper, Francis Ellen Watkins, 90
Harpo Productions, 557, 608. See also Win-
frey, Oprah
Harrell, Andre, 468
Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr., 137, 138, 210, 290-
92
Harris, Charles F., 635
Harris, Doris Mae, 433
Harris, George S., 141
Harris, Lillian, 603
Harris, Margaret Mitchell, 621
Harris, Samuel, 519
Harris, Thomas P., 141
Harrison, Herbert H., 269
Harrison, William Henry (President), 179
Hastick, Roy, Sr., 477
Hatcher, Richard (Mayor). See Mayors, Black,
and Black Business
Hartford Avenue Baptist Church (Detroit), 145
Harvard Business Review, 148
Harvard College, 310
Harvard University, 41, 44, 61, 119, 120, 121,
310, 349, 355, 361, 407, 476, 535, 638
Harvest Manor Restaurant, 145
Harvey, Iris, 310
Haugabrooks Funeral Home, 551
Haubarbrooks, Geneva, 551
Hawaii, 19, 303, 633
Hawkins, William H., 568
Haymon, Alan, 468
Hayti, 339. See also Black Wall Street; Dur-
ham, NC
HBCU. See Historically Black Colleges and
Universities
Health and Beauty Aids Manufacturing Enter-
prises, 426, 512. See also Hair Care Prod-
ucts Industry
Health Care Industry Enterprises. See Black
Health Care Industry Enterprises
HEED, 405
Heinz "57 Varieties," 24
Heisman Trophy Winner, 533
Helicopter, 567
Henderson, Alexa Benson, xvii
Henderson, Fletcher, 444
Henry Clay Frick Coal Company, 222
Henry Harper, James Ransom, & Co., 520
Henry, Ragan, 324
Herb-Juice-Penol Company, 127
Herb Sportswear, 310
Heritage Foundation, 206
Herdon, Alonzo Franklin, 38-43, 276, 296,
297, 549
Herndon, Norris Bumstead, 38-43
Hertz-Rent-a Car, 533
Heywood, John, 369
H. F. Henderson Industries, 309, 466
Higgs, Robert, 276
Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr., 433
High Brown Face Powder, 439, 606
High Grade Union Made Cigars Co., 229
Highland Community Bank, 55
Hightower, Dennis, 644
Hill, Jesse, 42-43
Hip Hop, 249, 310-11, 483, 608, 641, 642
Hispanic Businesses, 62-63, 465. See also
Minority-Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
(HBCUs), 114-15, 118
History of Black Business in America, Capital-
ism, Race, Entrepreneurship, xvii
Hitsville USA, 277
HIV, 257, 427, 539
H. J. Russell & Company., 174, 478
H. J.Russell Construction Company, 478
Holiday, Billie, 551
Holland, Jerome H., 637
Holland, Robert, 165, 644
Hollis, Michael, 568
Holloway, Richard, 23
Hollowell, Louise W., 551
Holman Brothers, 300
Holmes, FLorence, 406
Holocaust, 214
Holsey, Albon, 104
Holyfield, Evander, 537
Home for Destitute Colored Children, 449
Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Persons,
449
Homer Phillips Hospital, 46
The Homesteader (1919). See Film Production;
Micheaux, Oscar
Honda Dealership, 609
Hong Kong, 205, 307, 310, 311
Honolulu, 306
Hooks, Benjamin, 408
Hoover, J. Edgar, 380
Hope, John, 418
Hopewell, VA, 379
Horace Trumbauer and Associates, 33
Horatio Alger, 194, 344
Hord, Noel, 164
Hot Comb, 572, 582
Hotel Industry and Blacks, 398
Hotel Theresa, 96
House of Bonny (Niger Delta), 328
House of Refuge, 449
House of Willis (Funeral), 263
House Party (1990), 237
Household of Ruth, 245
Houston, TX, 61
Houston, Whitney, 469
Howard, Oliver Otis (General), 252
Howard, Robert, 23, 220
Howard University, 32, 98, 115, 119, 120,
290, 291, 349, 638
Howard University Press, 84, 85
Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 205
Howell, Fitzherbert, 629
Hucksters, 227
HUD. See United States Department of Hous-
ing and Urban Development
Hudlin Brothers, 237
Hue, 332
Hue-Man Bookstore, 89
Huff, Leon, 467
Hughes Brothers (Albert/Allen), 236
Hughes Radio One Inc., 608
Hughes, Cathy, 465, 608
Human Capital in Business, 37, 251, 368-69,
409, 511, 539
Human Rights, 539
Humane Brotherhood, 25-26
Hunter, Herbert, 168
Hyde Park Bank and Trust, 56
Hygienic Pet Baking Powder, 439
Hyman, John (Congressman), 522
Hyman, Mark, 84

I

IBM, 608
Ibo, 203
Illegal Black Businesses, Organized Criminal
Activities, xxvii; 3, 68, 293-95, 351, 415,
476
Illinois Beauty Culture Law, 348
Illinois Civil Rights Law, 452
Illinois Council for College Attendance, 411
Illinois Federal Savings and Loan, 138, 139-
40
Illlinois Neighborhood Development Corpora-
tion, 57
Immigrant Merchants, 276, 280, 339, 387. See
also "Middleman Minorities"
Imperial Music Records, 466
Income Inequalities, 210, 370
Indecorp Bank, 55, 56, 641
Independence Bank, 55, 139, 331
Independent Black Economy, 291. See also
Separate Economy
Independent Black Funeral Directors Associa-
tion, 265, 630
Independent Order of St. Luke, 245, 296, 579.
See also Fraternal Organizations; Walker,
Maggie Lena
Independent Order of St. Luke Insurance De-
partment, 603
India, 96, 305, 312, 316
Indian Territory, 223
Indiana, 305
Indiana Business School, 111
Indianapolis Clowns, 416
Indonesia, 96, 119, 316
Industrial City, 553
Industrial Education, 71
Industrial Relations Research Association, 587
Industrial Restructuring, 372, 373
Industrial Revolution, 43. See also Industriali-
zation
Industrial School for Colored Girls, 580
Industrialization, 171, 222-23, 224
Industry Network Solutions (INS), 309
Informal Economy, 54
Information Age, 335. See also Internet, Black
Business Online, World Wide Web
Information Superhighway, 97. See also Inter-
net, Black Business Online, World Wide
Web
Information Technology, 587
Ingham, Germaine, 433
Ingham, John, 272, 483, 582
Inglis, Thomas, 23, 321
Initial Public Offering (IPO), 337, 541
In Living Color, 557
Inner-City Black businesses, 103, 205, 339
Inner City Broadcasting, 309, 464, 548
Inner-City Communities, 150, 293, 645
Inner-City Crime. See Illegal Black Busi-
nesses, Organized Criminal Activities
Inner City Ethnic Entrepreneurs, 477
Inner-City Film Audiences, 235
Inner City Foods, 139
Inner City Franchisees, 244
Innis, Roy, 77
Input-Output Computer Service (IOCS), Inc.,
309
Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 453
Insurance Companies, 142, 295-99, 512, 525,
633. See also names of specific companies
Integrity, 214
Inter-American Development Bank, 67
Internal Labor Markets, 587
Inter-Ocean Hotel, 238
Internal Revenue Service, 48
International Air Association (IAA) Airlines,
568
International Aircraft Trading Inc. (IAT), 312,
568
International Bank for Reconstruction and De-
velopment, 67
International Beauty and Trade Show, 95
International Council of Women of Darker
Races, 580
International Foundation for Education and Self-
Help, 545
International Free and Accepted Masons, 558
International Merchandising Corporation, 307
International Talent Management Inc., 277
International Television, 558
International Trade Enterprises, 110, 176, 300-
317. See also Brown, Ronald Harmon
Internet, Black Business Online, World Wide
Web, xxv; 87, 309, 317-21
Interracial Council for Business Opportunity,
113
Investment Banking, 165, 311, 321-24, 610,
645
Invictus Records, 467
IOCS, 309
IOCS/African Informatics, 309
Iowa State Bystander Publishing Company, 83
Iowa State Bystander, 83
Iowa State College, 124
IPO, 337, 541
Iron Chest Cincinnati Real Estate and Con-
struction, 619
Irons, Edward D. (Dr.), 61
Irvin, Monte, 416
Irvine, Moses, 26
Irving, Washington, 561
Islam, 432
ISOPLUS, 346
I Spy, 557
Italo-Ethiopian War, 472
Italy, 31
IVAX Corporation, 268, 286, 331, 643, 646
Ivey, Waverly, 466
Ivory Coast, 166, 307, 308