Index of
Encyclopedia of African American Business History

edited by
Juliet E.K. Walker
© 1999 Greenwood Press
Reproduced 2002 with permission of the publisher

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S

Sabre Foundation, 206
Safe Bus Company, 567, 630
Saffice (Records), 467
St. John University Law School, 96
St. John's Baptist Church (Miami, FL), 145
St. John's Community Development Corpora-
tion, 145
St. Louis, MO, 46
St. Louis Argus, 83, 573
St. Louis Argus Publishing Company, 83
"St. Louis Blues," 444
St. Louis Post Office, 304
St. Louis Trust Company, 345
St. Luke Association, 580
St. Luke Herald, 579
St. Luke Emporium, 245, 580. See also Frater-
nal Organizations; Walker, Maggie Lena
St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, 296, 580, 603
St. Petersburg (Russia), 300, 601
Salaam Restaurants, 423
Salaam Restaurant of Islam, 426
Salomon Brothers, 534
Saltpeter, 219, 378
Samuel Whiteman and Associates, 404
San Bernardino, CA, 90
San Diego, CA, 262
San Francisco Athenaeum Building, 456
San Francisco, 88, 302
San Francisco's First City Treasurer. See Lei-
desdorff, William Alexander
San Franciso Giants, 326
San Franciso Town Journal, 359
Sanctions, Antiapartheid, 315
Sanders, Zell, 466
Santo Domingo, 29. See also West Indies, Im-
migrants; West Indies, Immigrants, Post-
Civil War
Satellite Programming, 309
Saundersville, GA, 261
Saudi Arabia, 166, 308, 310
Saudi Pyrotech, 310
Saundersville, GA, 261
Savoy Hotel, 551
Saxon, James, 61
Sayers, Gale, 533
SBA. See Small Business Administration
SBA-8(a) Federal Contracting Firms, 107, 309
Scalia, Antonin (Justice), 471
Scheiffman, Frank, 384
Schlitz Breweries, 326
Schmeling, Max, 532
Schmidt, Harvey M., 433
Schmoke, Kurt L. (Mayor). See Mayors, Black
and Black Business
Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, 433
Schoen, Sterling, 121
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 116
Schuyler, George, 306
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 536
Schweich, Anderson, M., 142
Schweninger, Loren, 171, 251, 517
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership
Conference
SCOR. See Small Corporate Offering Registra-
tion
Scott, Darin, 237
Scott, Emmett J., 126
Scott, Hazel, 556
Scott, Portia, 552
Scott-Reeves, Alexis, 552
Scott, William Alexander, 550
Scott, William Alexander, II, 2, 551
Sea Girt Hotel, 130, 188
Sea Island (GA), 520
Sears, Roebuck & Company, 7, 177, 191
Seattle, Washington, 633
Seaway National Bank, 55, 139, 140, 571, 635
Second Street Bank, 580
Secretary of Commerce. See Ronald Harmon
Brown
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),
253, 541
Securities Discount Co. (Ghana), 311
Seghal, R. K., 479
Segregation Laws. See Jim Crow Laws
Segregated Economy, 137, 149-50, 512. See
also Separate Economy
Segregated Markets, 10, 133-34, 210, 276,
436. See also Separate Economy; Markets,
Protected, and Black Entrepreneurship
Self-Determination, 210
Self-Employment, 105
Self-Help, 39, 137, 259, 270, 366, 401-2, 418,
429, 436, 446, 476, 527, 544; Black
Women, 579
Selma March, 326
Semi-Weekly Louisianian, 454
Semler, Ed, 415
Sentel Corporation, 568
Seoul, South Korea, 312
"Separate Coach" laws, 100
Separate Economy, 33, 104, 254, 260-61, 270,
276, 280, 441. See also Jim Crow Era,
Business Impact; South Black Business
(1880-1930); "Sweet Auburn" Avenue
Service Company, 549
Service Corporation International (SCI), 257-
258
Service Engineering & Construction, 172
Service Federal Savings and Loan Association,
356
Service Pharmacies, 550
Service Realty, 172
Set-Asides, Minority Business, 52, 112, 122,
148, 480-82. See also Mayors, Black and
Black Business; Washington, Harold
7-Eleven. See Southland
Seven-Up, 148
Sexton, Kyle, 310
Sexism, 213, 572, 604-5
Seymour, Sally, 24, 599
Shangahi, 307
Shapiro, Thomas, 106
Sharecroppers, 12, 125
Shark Products, 289
Sharps and Dohme Pharmaceutical Laboratory,
127
Sharpton, Al (Reverend), 647
Shakespeare House, 133
Shaw University, 529
Shaw, Warren C., 165
Shaw, Yvonne, 192
She's Gotta Have It (1986), 236, 640
Sherman (Antitrust) Act, 31
The Shield, 231
Shipyards, 134
Shoe Industry. See Matzeliger, Jan Earnst
Shorebank, 57. See also South Shore National
Bank
Shorebank Neighborhood Institute, 411
Shrine of the Black Madonna bookstore, 88
Sierra Leone, 176, 241, 270, 300, 448
Sigma Pi Phi, 441
Sigma XI, 453
Signares, 155
Silent Sabotage, 190-91
Simmons, Jake, 223, 307
Simmons Royalty Company, 307-8
Simmons, Russell, 468, 483
Simms, Magaret, 107
Sims, Billy, 535
Sims, Naomi, 283, 483, 607
Simpson, O. J.(Orenthal James), 533
Sister Sister, 182, 557
Sivart Mortgage Company, 569, 570
Sixou City, Iowa, 382
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, 446
Skin Color and Black Business. See Light-Skin
African-Americans; Mulattos
Sklarek, Norma, 33
Slater (John H.) Fund, 70, 72, 73, 530
Slave Business Activities Critique, 505, 508
Slave Consumers, 504
Slave Craftsmen and Construction, 32, 171,
486, 499; Numbers of, 499
Slave Drivers, Plantation Managers, Intrapre-
neurs, 388, 483-85
Slave Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs, 142,
518, 485-88, 556, 621
Slave Hiring Out Own Time, 24-25, 378, 518,
488-90, 495, 594
Slaveholders, Large Black, 23, 26, 490-95.
See also Antebellum Black Slaveholders;
Antebellum Black Slaveholders, Women
Slave Informal Economy, 54
Slave Internal Economy. See Slaves, Indepen-
dent Economic Production
Slave Laws, Economic Constraints, 24, 155-
56, 394-95, 486, 495-97
Slave Maximunm-Wage Laws, 496
Slave Money Incentives, 485, 502
Slave-Owned Property, 24, 461, 495, 506, 507,
508, 509
Slave-Owned Property, Civil War Confisca-
tions, 497-99
Slave Plantation Credit Accounts, 504
Slave Plantation Gang System, Economic Ac-
tivities, 24, 507
Slave Plantation Managers, 94. See also Slave
Drivers, Plantation Managers, Intrapreneurs
Slave Plantation Task System, Economic Ac-
tivities, 24, 507
Slave Population, 490, 491, 496
Slave Postmaster, 388
Slave Punishments for Economic Activities,
See Slave Laws, Economic Constraints
Slave Revolts and Black Craftsmen, 499-501
Slave Self-Purchase, 462, 486, 487, 490, 507,
510, 564
Slaves Independent Economic Activities, 24,
496
Slaves, Independent Economic Production,
Louisiana Sugar Plantations, 501-5
Slave Trade. See Atlantic Slave Trade Profits
Slave Traders, Black, 23, 25, 300
Slave Women Enterprises, 157, 395, 486, 560,
597-98
Slaves, Plantation Market-Related Activities,
505-9
Slavery, Reparations for, 469
Slavery, White Benefits, 210, 470. See also
White Slaveholders, 1860
Sloan Financial Group, 311
Sloan, Maceo, K., xxv, 324
Sloan School of Business (MIT), 585
Slocum, Cuffe, 448
Small Business Administration (SBA), 6, 47,
51, 173, 210-11, 224, 363, 433, 634, 639
Small Business Investment Company (SBIC)
Act, 635
Small Corporate Offering Registration, 541
Small, Thomas, 23
Smalls, Robert (Congressman), 563
Smiley, Charles H., 132
Smith Barney, 165, 610
Smith, Bessie, 444
Smith, Charles, 522
Smith, Chuck, 404
Smith, Clarence, 646
Smith, H. C., 191
Smith, Jim, 560
Smith, James, 455
Smith, John H., 135
Smith, Joshua I., 639, 647
Smith-Jones and Associates, 408
Smith Kline, & French, 349
Smith, Marconi C., 261-62
Smith, Payton, 203
Smith Samuel, 466
Smith, Stephen, 180, 220, 248, 250, 321, 437,
449, 509-11, 565, 576
Smith Harlem Dispensary, 633
Smithsonian, 18, 347
SMOBE. See Survey of Minority-Owned Busi-
ness Enterprises
SMOBE Black Business Venture Capital, 569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Air Transportation
Firms, 569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Construction Industries
Firms, 174
SMOBE, 1992 Black Eating and Drinking
Places, 134
SMOBE, 1992 Black Extractive Industries
Firms, 224-25
SMOBE, 1992 Black Farm Owners, 16
SMOBE, 1992 Black Hotels/Lodging Places,
134
SMOBE, 1992 Black Local and Interurban
Transportation Firms, 569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Metal Mining Firms
1992, 225
SMOBE, 1992 Black Transportation Firms,
569
SMOBE, 1992 Black Trucking and Warehous-
ing Firms, 568-69
SMOBE, 1992 Black Water Transportation
Firms, 569
SMOBE on 1992 African American-Owned
Firms, 113, 384, 611
SMOBE on 1992 API/AIAN-Owned Firms,
384, 611
SMOBE on 1992 Hispanic-Owned Firms, 225,
611
SMOBE on 1992 Minority Business Receipts,
113, 385, 387, 611
SMOBE on 1992 Minority Women Business
Owners, 611
SMOBE, 1972,1982 Black Funeral and Mortu-
ary Enterprises, 256
SNCC. See Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee
Snider, Jill, 567
Snow, Beverly, 618
Snow Riot (1834), 618
Social Capital, Black Business Owners, 511-
15
Societe des Artisans, 27
Society of Friends, 176
Socrates, 211
Soft Sheen Products, Inc., 267, 308, 331, 646.
See Gardner, Edward G.
Sojourner Truth Award, 406
Sole Proprietorships. See Black Sole Proprie-
torships
SOLAR Records (Sounds of Los Angeles Rec-
ords), 309
Solvent Savings Bank and Trust Company,
143
Solvent Savings Bank of Memphis, 443
Songbird Record Label, 472
Sons and Daughers of Peace, Penny, Nickle
and Dime Savings Bank, 379
Sony Theaters, 538
Sony Retail Entertainment, 538
Soul Food (1997). See Film Production
"Soul" Format, 464
Soul Train, 330, 557, 558
Souls of Black Folks, 589. See also DuBois,
William E. B.
Soulie, Albin, 248, 250
Soulie, Bernard, 248, 250
The Soulies, 302
"Sounds of the City," 360
Sourcebook on Enterprise Zones, 206
South Africa, 8, 11, 110, 213, 217, 289, 306,
312, 313, 314, 417, 542
South America, 304, 306
South, Black Business, 1790-1880, 515-17.
See also Antebellum Baltimore; Antebellum
Charleston; Antebellum New Orleans
South, Black Business, 1860-1880, 517-23.
See also Reconstruction
South, Black Business, 1880-1930, 523-28.
See also Black Wall Street; Enclaves, Entre-
preneurial; Georgia, Black Business, 1890-
1915; "Sweet Auburn" Avenue
South Carolina, 54
South Carolina State University, 115, 119
South Korea, 312, 316
South Pacific, 309
South Shore National Bank, 56
South Shore, 57
South Side Bank, 55
South Side Help Center, 411
Southern Aid Society, 296, 297, 512
Southeastern Asia, 309
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC), 139, 147, 272, 326, 538
Southern Claims Commission, 498
Southern Education Foundation, 530
Southern Fidelity and Surety Company, 436
Southern Mercantile Company, 346
Southern University, 454
Southern University at New Orleans, 115
Southland (7-Eleven), 243, 645
Southview Cemetery Association, 40
Soviet Union, 11, 586
Soy Bean Research, 349
Space Jam, 537
Space Stations, 481
Spain, 311, 312
Spanish-American War, 229
Spaulding, Asa Timothy, 528-29
Spaulding, Charles Clinton, 82, 203, 291, 296,
297, 349, 436, 529-30
Spaulding, Washington, 248, 250
Spear, Allan H., 137
Special Markets, Inc., 322
Special Olympics, 452
Spelman College, 73, 452
Spencer, Moses, 517
Spero, Sterling, 290
Spikes, Johnny and Reb, 466
Spingarn Medal (NAACP), 440
Spinks, Leon, 351
Spivey, Donald, 74
Split Images: African Americans in the Mass
Media, 4
Sports, Athlete Enterprises and Entrepreneurs,
530-40
Sports Fans, 537
Sports Pyramid of Wealth, 539
Sportmen's Tennis Club, 560
Spotlight on Harlem in New York, 557
Spraggins, Marianne, 165, 431, 610
Stamp Act, 45
Standard Catalog, 50
Standard Life Insurance, 41, 297, 443
Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, 7
Standard Oil, 222
Standard Technology, 609
Stanford University, 120, 407
Stanley, John, 617
Starbucks Coffee Company, 538
Starobin, Robert S., 485
Star Trek, 557
State Departments of Transportation, 481
State Street Bank (Boston), 587
"Statism." See Africa, Indigenous Capitalism
Development
Stax Records, 467
Steam Engine Lubricators, 622
Steel Fabricating Manufacturing Company, 533
Steel Processing and Metal Distribution Manu-
facturing, 533
Steelton, PA, 231
Stereotyping, 4, 6, 233, 534, 539, 587. See
also Film Production
Still, William, 221, 565, 575
Stills, William Grant, 444
Stinnette, Juanita, 466
Stock Market Listings (Black-Controlled Pub-
licly Traded Companies), 139, 165, 540-43,
646
Stone Merchant Company, 312
Stone, Toni, 416
Stop and Shop Stores, 587
Stop Shop and Save, 642
Stormy Weather (1943), 235
The Story of My Life and Work, 283. See also
Washington, Booker T.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 485
Straight University. See Dillard University
"Strict Scrutiny," 481
Strong, Nat, 414
Strong and Jones (Funeral), 263
Struggle and Success: The African American
Experience in Japan, 310
Stuart, Mary, 468
Stuart, M. S., 254, 255
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC), 147
Sub-Saharan Africa, 110, 308, 437
Subchapter C Corporations, 107, 111, 386
Subchapter S Corporations, 107, 111, 386
Submarine Torpedo Discharge Mechanism,
609
Suburbanization and Black Business, 140, 265,
373, 527
Success Runs in Our Race, 430
Successful Salesmanship, 441
Sugar Act of 1764, 44
Sugar Cultivation, 194-95, 301
Sugar Cane Plantation, 538
Sugar Ray Leonard, 351
Sullivan, Leon, 112, 217, 435, 543-46, 636
The "Sullivan Principles," 217, 545
Sultan Airways Ltd (Ethiopia), 473
Sulton-Campbell and Associates, 639
Sumitomo (Japan), 310
Sumner, Charles (Senator), 188
Sumner, General J., 520
Sunday School Publishing Board, 86
Sunderland, VT, 616
Sunshine Label, 466
Superconducting Super Collider Federal Con-
tracts, 481
Supreme Beauty Products Co., 333
Supreme Court, 93, 434, 471
Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company,
138, 298, 332, 356, 444, 546-47
Supreme Life and Casualty Company, 546
The Supremes, 277
Surinam, 371
Surplus U.S. Military Equipment, 307
Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enter-
prises, 107, 110, 111. See also Minority-
Owned Businesses, 1992 Survey
Susquehanna Steam Company, 135
Sussex Records, 468
SUSUs. See also Rotating Credit Associations
Susu, 293. See also Esusu
Sutter's Mill, 359
Sutton, Percy Ellis, 224, 308, 309, 431, 464,
547-48
Sutton, Pierre (Pepe), 548
Sutton, Scottie B., 551
Swanson Frozen Foods, 99
"Sweet Auburn" Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia,
42, 186, 548-52
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971),
235
Sweet Vengeance Mine Company, 221
Swimming, 539
Swing Time Recording Company, 466
Switzerland, 308
Sykes, Catherine, 406

T

Tabu Records, 468
Taco Bell, 537
Tagalog Films, 307
Tailors, antebellum black, 21, 24
Taiwan, 166, 316
"Talented Tenth," 40, 418, 436. See also Du
Bois, William E. B.
Talladega University, 355
Tallahassee, FL, 263
Tan Confession, 332
Tandy, Vertner, 32
Tanner, Henry O., 17
Tappan, Arthur, 321
Target Market News, 4, 89
Taverns and Saloons, 143
Taxicab Enterprises, 91, 138, 307, 524, 553-
55
Taylor, Andrew, 556
Taylor, B., 521
Taylor, Francis, 301
Taylor, Hobart, 554, 555-56
Taylor, Hobart, Jr., 556
Taylor House, 131
Taylor, Maria, 521
Taylor, Richard, 131
Taylor, Robert R., 32
Taylor, Susan L., 611
Tea Act, 45
TCB, 288
Technology Revolution, 109
Teitel, Robert, 237
Telecommunications Act, 1996, 465
Telecommunications Industry. See Black Tele-
communications Enterprises
Telephone Transmitter, 623
Television Industry, 277, 364, 464, 479, 483,
556-59, 641
Temple, Lewis, 620
Tenant Farmers, 125. See also Agribusiness,
Virginia's Black Farmers
Tennessee, 41
Tennessee State University, 115, 118, 405,
468, 595
Tennis, 559-60, 606
Tennis in the Hood, Inc., 560
Terrell, Mary Church, 143
Texaco, 165, 308, 327, 361
Texas, 41, 61
Texas College, 392, 453
Texas Progressive Voter's League, 391
Texas Rangers, 167, 283, 535
Texas Southern University, 61, 115, 453
Thatcher Engineering, Inc., 174, 273
Therapeutic Light Company, 138
Think Laboratory (TL) Ltd., Japan, 310
Think Laboratory America (TLA) Ltd., 310
Third World Books, 88
Third World Press, 84
Third World Societies, 477
Thirteenth Amendment (1865), 602
Thomas and Thomas, Inc., 304, 629
Thomas Distributors, 139
Thomas, Franklin, 476, 477
Thomas, Isaiah, 110, 535
Thomas, J. L., 133
Thomas, James, 560-61
Thomas, Sally, 560
Thompson, Charles, 290
Thompson, Ernest, 126
Thompson, Warren M., 643
Thompson Hospitality, 643
Threads 4 Life (Cross Colours), 642
"Three Musketeers (candy bar)," 5
TIAA-CREEF, 164
Tier One Suppliers, 53
Tillman, Edward, 61
Tillman, George, Jr., 237
Time-Warner Inc., 164, 644
TLC Beatrice International Holdings, 121, 311-
12, 537, 645. See also Lewis, Reginald
Francis
Tokyo, 310
Tolliver, Tiffany, 383
Tony Brown's Journal, 97
Top Hat Night Club, 550, 551
Toronto, 302
Toronto Raptors, 110, 535
Toussainte, Pierre, 448
"Track System," 149. See also Equal Em-
ployment Opportunity Commission
Tracy Hotel, 435
Trademark Infringement, 289
Traffic Signal Invention, 390, 630
Trail of Tears, 204
TransAfrica, 548
Transportation Enterprises, History, 175-76,
179, 454, 561-69, 618, 619
Travelers Group, 646
Travis, Dempsey J., 55, 569-71
Travis Realty, 569
Treasury Tax and Loan Accounts (TTL), 64-
65
Triangular Slave Trade, 437. See also Atlantic
Slave Trade Profits
Tribute (South Africa), 315
Trice, Sandy, 137
Trim-Away Figure Contouring, 474
Trinidad and Tobago, 247, 291, 629
Tri-State Bank, 356, 633
The Trooper of Company K (1917), 233. See
also Film Production
Trotman, W. Fred, 322
Trotter, William Monroe, 400
Trower, John S., 132
True Reformers, 104, 172, 245, 296
True Reformers Savings Bank, 296
Truman, Harry S. (President), 17
Trumark, 402
Trump, Donald, 645
Tubman, Harriett, 429, 575
Tuesday, 360
Tulsa, Oklahoma, 81, 203, 552. See also Black
Wall Street; Enclaves, Entrepreneurial
Tulsa Black Millionaires, 81
Tulsa Race Riot (1921), 204
Turkey, 312, 316
Turnbo-Malone, Annie Minerva Pope, 282,
284, 305, 571-74, 604, 606
Turner, Aletha, 598
Turner, Benjamin (Congressman), 522
Turner, Henry McNeal, Bishop (AME), 551
Turner, Kathryn C., 609
Turpentine Industry, 220
Tuskegee Institute, 32, 74, 88, 124, 151, 168,
284, 473; Founding of, 588
Tuskegee University, 118
Tyler Barber College, 284, 391
Tyson, Mike, 351, 531, 538

U

Udom, E. U. Essien, 422-23
"Ultra Sheen," 282
UNC Ventures, 324
Uncle Noname Cookie Company. See Amos,
Wallace, Jr.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 485
The Uncommmon Wisdom of Oprah Winfrey,
597
Underground Railroad and Black Business,
180, 329, 344, 449, 575-77
"Unemployment, the Negro and Aviation,"
459
UNIA, 76, 273
Union, 83
Union Blacking Shop, 21
Union Pacific Railroad, 565
Union Springs, Alabama, 133
Union Theological Seminary (NY), 544
Union Transportation and Trolley Company,
94, 417, 626
Unions, Professional Athletes, 530
United Arab Emirates, 308
United Artist Records, 18
United Bank of Philadelphia, 324, 608
United Beauty School Owners and Teachers
Association, 286, 348
United Insurance Company of America, 547
United Kingdom, 308, 478
United Mortgage Bankers of America, 570
United Nations, 539
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 545
United Negro College Fund (UNCF), 7, 42,
320, 452, 530, 538
United Order of Friendship, 246
United Order of True Reformers, 60, 395, 435
United Record Corporation, 466
United Service Organization. See USO Center
United Shoe Machinery Corporation, 372
United States Black-On-Line (USBOL), 319
United States Colored Troops (USCT), 188,
563
United States Department of Agriculture, 126
United States Department of Commerce, 47,
61, 150, 151, 243, 272, 477
United States Department of Commerce Inter-
national Trade Development Center, 308
United States Department of Housing and Ur-
ban Development, 413, 478
United States Department of Justice, 31, 53
United States Department of Treasury, 66, 177
United States EEOC, Chair of, 433
United States Federal Trade Commision, 31
United States General Accounting Office, 207
United States Import-Export Bank, 553
United States Naval Academy, 188
United States Postal Employees and Black
Business, 100, 522, 551
United States Postal Stamps, xiii, 372
United States Supreme Court. See Supreme
Court
United States Tennis Association, 559
United Way of America, 410
Universal Life Insurance Company, 356
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 76.
See also Garvey, Marcus
Universal Pictures, 469
Universal Publishing House, 85. See also Gar-
vey, Marcus
Universal (Studio), 233
Universal Television, 469
University of Chicago, 120, 168, 177, 267,
290, 332, 407, 451, 533, 610
University of Freiburg, 355
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 46,
326, 336, 411,459
University of Iowa, 172, 307
University of Islam Educational Centers, 424.
See also Nation of Islam Enterprises
University of Kansas, 439
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 115
University of Michigan, 42, 453
University of Michigan MBA Program, 121
University of Missouri, 99
University of North Carolina, 170
University of Paris, 355
University of Pennsylvania, 17, 33
University of Pittsburgh, 116, 120, 290
University of Southern California, 33
University of Vienna, 349, 355
University of Virginia, 44
Uniworld Group, 6
Uniworld, Inc., 334. See also Lewis, Byron
Eugene
Updike, John, 563
Upper South/Lower South, 251, 460, 515, 516,
518
"Upper Ten," 251
Upscale, 96
Uptown Entertainment, 468
Uptown Saturday Night (1974). See Film Pro-
duction
Urban Communications, 644
Urban Development Policies. See Mayors,
Black, and Black Business
Urban Institute, 185
Urban League. See National Urban League;
National Urban League Black Executive
Exchange Program
Urban Rebellions, 1960s, 210. See also Race
Riots and American Business
Urban Renewal, 339, 418, 551-52, 570
Urban Revitalization, 376
Urbanite Magazine, 360
USA Today, 534
USO Center, 569
U.S. Steel, 223
Utendahl, John, 165, 323
Utendahl Capital Partners, 165, 323