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NOUNS
introduction
number: singular and plural
gender: masculine and feminine
voilà vs. il y a: devices for introducing nouns
temps, heure, fois: different nouns for 'time'
DETERMINERS
introduction
definite articles
def. articles with physical characteristics, ex. elle a les cheveux longs
indefinite articles
partitive articles
possessive determiners: mon, ma, mes, etc.
demonstrative determiners: ce, cet, cette, ces
expressions of quantity: beaucoup de, un peu de, etc.
tout
indefinite determiners
ADVERBS
introduction
formation and placement
placement of adverbs with the passé composé
comparative and superlative of adverbs
il y a 'ago'
bon/meilleur vs. bien/mieux
tôt, tard, en avance, en retard, à l'heure
ADJECTIVES
introduction
formation and placement
adjectives before the noun
irregular adjectives
adjectives whose meaning varies with placement
comparison of adjectives
superlative of adjectives
bon/meilleur (adjectives) vs. bien/mieux (adverbs)
participles as adjectives
VERBS
introduction
regular verbs
-er verbs
-er verbs (regular)
-er verbs (stem changing)
-ir verbs
-ir verbs (regular)
-ir verbs (irreg) like ouvrir 'to open'
-ir verbs (irreg) like partir 'to leave,' sortir 'to go out,' dormir 'to sleep'
-re verbs
-re verbs (regular)
-re verbs (irregular) like prendre 'to take'
-re verbs (irregular) like mettre 'to put, to place'
-re verbs (irregular) like suivre 'to follow', vivre 'to live'
common irregular verbs
être 'to be'
avoir 'to have'
avoir expressions, ex. il y a, avoir besoin de, etc.
aller 'to go'
faire 'to do,' 'to make'
faire expressions
venir 'to come'
boire, croire, voir: 'to drink', 'to believe', 'to see'
savoir vs. connaître: two ways of knowing
dire, lire, écrire: 'to say', 'to read', 'to write'
pronominal verbs: se raser, se lever, se disputer
modal verbs: vouloir 'to want to,' pouvoir 'to be able to,' devoir 'to have to'
impersonal verbs and expressions: il faut, il est important de ...
quitter, partir, sortir, laisser: different verbs for 'to leave'
infinitive constructions, including past and negative
causative faire (faire+infinitif)
transitive vs. intransitive constructions
present participle
NEGATION
introduction
basic negation: ne ... pas (don't, not)
alternate forms (1):
ne ... jamais (never)
ne ... rien (nothing)
ne ... personne (nobody, no one)
ne ... pas du tout (not at all)
ne ... plus (no more, any longer)
alternate forms (2):
ne ... aucun(e) (not one)
ne ... ni ... ni (neither ... nor)
ne ... que (only)
one word negative responses: si, jamais, personne, rien
PREPOSITIONS
introduction
common prepositions
contractions of à and de with definite article
depuis vs il y a ... que
depuis with imperfect
depuis, pendant, pour
prepositions with place names
prepositions with infinitives
PRONOUNS
introduction
subject pronouns: je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils, elles
c'est vs. il/elle est
disjunctive pronouns: moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, elles, eux
direct object pronouns: me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les
indirect object pronouns: me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur
pronoun: y
pronoun: en
relative pronouns: qui and que
relative pronouns: ce qui and ce que
relative pronouns: dont, ce dont, où, lequel
order of object pronouns
indefinite pronouns: chacun and quelqu'un
demonstrative pronouns: celui, celle, ceux, celles
possessive pronouns: le mien, la mienne, etc.
CONJUNCTIONS
introduction
coordinating conjunctions: et, mais, ou, puis, car, etc.
subordinating conjunctions: pendant que, quand, depuis que, etc.
conjunctions that take the subjunctive
TENSE/ASPECT/MOOD/VOICE
introduction
present tense
past tenses
passé immédiat (venir de+infinitive)
passé composé with avoir
passé composé with être
passé composé of pronominal verbs
imparfait: formation
imparfait: states of being, habitual actions
imparfait: idiomatic uses (suggestions, wishes, depuis, venir de)
narration: passé composé vs. imparfait
plus-que-parfait
passé simple (literary tense)
passé antérieur (literary tense)
future tenses
futur proche (aller+infinitive)
simple future (regular)
simple future (irregular)
future: usage
futur antérieur
imperative mood (regular and pronominal)
subjunctive mood
regular subjunctive formation
irregular subjunctive formation
usage: obligation
usage: doubt
usage: will, emotion, desire
conjunctions that take the subjunctive
past subjunctive
summary
ways to avoid the subjunctive
conditional mood
conditional
past conditional
si clauses – summary
reported speech in present
reported speech in past
active voice vs. passive voice
INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
introduction
yes/no questions: est-ce que, n'est-ce pas
questions with subject/verb inversion
interrogative adjective quel (with exclamative usage)
interrogative pronouns: qui, qui est-ce que, qu'est-ce qui, qu'est-ce que
interrogative pronoun lequel
interrogative words
ETC
site overview
cast of characters
credits
search this site
website help
 PDF downloads
|
| all pages |
|
.zip archive of Tex's French Grammar in pdf format: 10.3 MB |
| adj1 |
|
introduction to adjectives |
| adj2 |
|
adjectives: formation and placement |
| adj3 |
|
adjectives that precede the noun |
| adj4 |
|
irregular adjectives |
| adj5 |
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adjectives whose meaning varies with placement |
| adj6 |
|
comparisons with adjectives |
| adj7 |
|
superlative of adjectives |
| adj8 |
|
bon/meilleur vs. bien/mieux |
| adj9 |
|
participles as adjectives |
| adv1 |
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introduction to adverbs |
| adv2 |
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adverbs: formation and placement |
| adv3 |
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placement of adverbs with passé composé |
| adv4 |
|
comparative and superlative of adverbs |
| adv5 |
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-il y a, ago |
| adv6 |
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tôt, tard, en avance, en retard, à l'heure |
| characters |
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cast of characters |
| con1 |
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introduction to conjunctions |
| con2 |
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coordinating conjunctions |
| con3 |
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subordinating conjunctions |
| credits |
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credits and acknowledgments |
| det1 |
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introduction to determiners |
| det10 |
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indefinite determiners |
| det2 |
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determiners: definite articles |
| det3 |
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definite articles with physical characteristics |
| det4 |
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determiners: indefinite articles |
| det5 |
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determiners: partitive articles |
| det6 |
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possessive determiners |
| det7 |
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demonstrative determiners |
| det8 |
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determiners: expressions of quantity |
| det9 |
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tout |
| help |
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help using this website |
| index |
|
tex's index: la grammaire de l'absurde |
| int1 |
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introduction to interrogatives |
| int2 |
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yes/no questions: est-ce que, n'est-ce pas |
| int3 |
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questions with subject/verb inversion |
| int4 |
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interrogative and exclamative quel |
| int5 |
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interrogative pronouns |
| int6 |
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interrogative pronoun lequel |
| int7 |
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interrogative words: où, quand, comment ... |
| neg1 |
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introduction to negation |
| neg2 |
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basic negation: ne ... pas |
| neg3 |
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alternate forms (1) ne ... jamais, rien, personne, etc. |
| neg4 |
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alternate forms (2) ne ... aucun, ni ... ni, que |
| neg5 |
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one-word negative sentences si, jamais, etc. |
| no1 |
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introduction to nouns |
| no2 |
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number: singular, plural |
| no3 |
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gender: masculine, feminine |
| no4 |
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voilà vs. il y a |
| no5 |
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temps, heure, fois |
| overview |
|
about this site: overview |
| pre1 |
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introduction to prepositions |
| pre1a |
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common prepositions |
| pre2 |
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contractions of à and de with definite article |
| pre3 |
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prepositions with places |
| pre4 |
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prepositions with infinitives |
| pred1 |
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depuis vs. il y a ... que, ça fait ... que, and voilà ... que |
| pred2 |
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depuis with imperfect |
| prep1 |
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depuis, pendant, pour: 'for' |
| pro1 |
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introduction to pronouns |
| pro10 |
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indefinite pronouns |
| pro11 |
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demonstrative pronouns |
| pro12 |
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possessive pronouns |
| pro2 |
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subject pronouns |
| pro3 |
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c'est vs il/elle est |
| pro4 |
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disjunctive pronouns |
| pro5 |
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direct object pronouns |
| pro6 |
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pronoun y |
| pro7 |
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pronoun en |
| pro8 |
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indirect object pronouns |
| pro9 |
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order of object pronouns present tense |
| pror1 |
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relative pronouns: qui and que |
| pror2 |
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relative pronouns: ce qui, ce que |
| pror3 |
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relative pronouns: dont, où, etc. present tense |
| ta1 |
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intro to tense, aspect, mood, voice |
| tac1 |
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conditional |
| tac2 |
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past conditional |
| tac3 |
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si clauses |
| tad1 |
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reported speech in the present |
| tad2 |
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reported speech in the past |
| taf1 |
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futur proche |
| taf2 |
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simple future: regular |
| taf3 |
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simple future: irregular |
| taf4 |
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future: usage |
| taf5 |
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futur antérieur |
| tai1 |
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imperative mood |
| tap1 |
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recent past (venir de + infinitive) |
| tap10 |
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passé simple |
| tap11 |
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passé antérieur |
| tap2 |
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passé composé with avoir |
| tap3 |
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passé composé with etre |
| tap4 |
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passé composé of pronominal verbs |
| tap5 |
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imparfait: formation |
| tap6 |
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imparfait: states of being, habitual actions |
| tap7 |
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imparfait: idiomatic uses |
| tap8 |
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narration: passé composé vs. imparfait |
| tap9 |
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plus-que-parfait |
| tapr1 |
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present tense |
| tas1 |
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regular subjunctive |
| tas2 |
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irregular subjunctive |
| tas3a |
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subjunctive usage: obligation |
| tas3b |
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subjunctive usage: doubt |
| tas4 |
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subjunctive usage: will, emotion, desire |
| tas5 |
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conjunctions that take the subjunctive |
| tas6 |
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past subjunctive |
| tas7 |
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subjunctive summary |
| tas8 |
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ways to avoid the subjunctive |
| tav1 |
|
active vs. passive voice |
| v1 |
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introduction to verbs |
| ver1 |
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-er verbs (regular) present tense |
| ver2 |
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-er verbs (stem changing) present tense |
| vim1 |
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impersonal verbs & expressions: il faut, il est important ... |
| vinf1 |
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infinitive constructions |
| vir1 |
|
-ir verbs (regular) present tense |
| vir2 |
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-ir verbs (irregular) like ouvrir present tense |
| vir3 |
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-ir verbs (irregular) partir, sortir, and dormir |
| virr1 |
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être 'to be' |
| virr10 |
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savoir vs. connaître present tense |
| virr11 |
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dire, lire, écrire present tense |
| virr2 |
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avoir 'to have' |
| virr3 |
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avoir expressions |
| virr4 |
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aller 'to go' |
| virr5 |
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faire 'to do, to make' |
| virr6 |
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faire expressions |
| virr7 |
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causative faire |
| virr8 |
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venir 'to come' |
| virr9 |
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boire, croire, voir |
| vl1 |
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partir, sortir, quitter, laisser |
| vm1 |
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modal verbs vouloir, pouvoir, devoir |
| vpp1 |
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present participle |
| vpr1 |
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pronominal verbs |
| vre1 |
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-re verbs (regular) |
| vre2 |
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-re verbs (irregular) like prendre |
| vre3 |
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-re verbs (irregular) like mettre |
| vre4 |
|
re verbs (irregular) like suivre, vivre |
| vti1 |
|
transitive vs. intransitive |
|
 MP3 downloads [zip archives]
|
| all mp3s |
|
.zip archive of Tex's French Grammar mp3s: 106.8 MB |
| adj2 |
|
adjectives: formation and placement |
| adj3 |
|
adjectives that precede the noun |
| adj4 |
|
irregular adjectives |
| adj5 |
|
adjectives whose meaning varies with placement |
| adj6 |
|
comparisons with adjectives |
| adj7 |
|
superlative of adjectives |
| adj8 |
|
bon/meilleur vs. bien/mieux |
| adj9 |
|
participles as adjectives |
| adv2 |
|
adverbs: formation and placement |
| adv3 |
|
placement of adverbs with passé composé |
| adv4 |
|
comparative and superlative of adverbs |
| adv5 |
|
-il y a, ago |
| adv6 |
|
tôt, tard, en avance, en retard, à l'heure |
| characters |
|
cast of characters |
| con2 |
|
coordinating conjunctions |
| con3 |
|
subordinating conjunctions |
| det10 |
|
indefinite determiners |
| det2 |
|
determiners: definite articles |
| det3 |
|
definite articles with physical characteristics |
| det4 |
|
determiners: indefinite articles |
| det5 |
|
determiners: partitive articles |
| det6 |
|
possessive determiners |
| det7 |
|
demonstrative determiners |
| det8 |
|
determiners: expressions of quantity |
| det9 |
|
tout |
| int1 |
|
introduction to interrogatives |
| int2 |
|
yes/no questions: est-ce que, n'est-ce pas |
| int3 |
|
questions with subject/verb inversion |
| int4 |
|
interrogative and exclamative quel |
| int5 |
|
interrogative pronouns |
| int6 |
|
interrogative pronoun lequel |
| int7 |
|
interrogative words: où, quand, comment ... |
| neg2 |
|
basic negation: ne ... pas |
| neg3 |
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alternate forms (1) ne ... jamais, rien, personne, etc. |
| neg4 |
|
alternate forms (2) ne ... aucun, ni ... ni, que |
| neg5 |
|
one-word negative sentences si, jamais, etc. |
| no2 |
|
number: singular, plural |
| no3 |
|
gender: masculine, feminine |
| no4 |
|
voilà vs. il y a |
| no5 |
|
temps, heure, fois |
| pre1a |
|
common prepositions |
| pre2 |
|
contractions of à and de with definite article |
| pre3 |
|
prepositions with places |
| pre4 |
|
prepositions with infinitives |
| pred1 |
|
depuis vs. il y a ... que, ça fait ... que, and voilà ... que |
| pred2 |
|
depuis with imperfect |
| prep1 |
|
depuis, pendant, pour: 'for' |
| pro10 |
|
indefinite pronouns |
| pro11 |
|
demonstrative pronouns |
| pro12 |
|
possessive pronouns |
| pro2 |
|
subject pronouns |
| pro3 |
|
c'est vs il/elle est |
| pro4 |
|
disjunctive pronouns |
| pro5 |
|
direct object pronouns |
| pro6 |
|
pronoun y |
| pro7 |
|
pronoun en |
| pro8 |
|
indirect object pronouns |
| pro9 |
|
order of object pronouns present tense |
| pror1 |
|
relative pronouns: qui and que |
| pror2 |
|
relative pronouns: ce qui, ce que |
| pror3 |
|
relative pronouns: dont, où, etc. present tense |
| tac1 |
|
conditional |
| tac2 |
|
past conditional |
| tac3 |
|
si clauses |
| tad1 |
|
reported speech in the present |
| tad2 |
|
reported speech in the past |
| taf1 |
|
futur proche |
| taf2 |
|
simple future: regular |
| taf3 |
|
simple future: irregular |
| taf4 |
|
future: usage |
| taf5 |
|
futur antérieur |
| tai1 |
|
imperative mood |
| tap1 |
|
recent past (venir de + infinitive) |
| tap10 |
|
passé simple |
| tap11 |
|
passé antérieur |
| tap2 |
|
passé composé with avoir |
| tap3 |
|
passé composé with etre |
| tap4 |
|
passé composé of pronominal verbs |
| tap5 |
|
imparfait: formation |
| tap6 |
|
imparfait: states of being, habitual actions |
| tap7 |
|
imparfait: idiomatic uses |
| tap8 |
|
narration: passé composé vs. imparfait |
| tap9 |
|
plus-que-parfait |
| tapr1 |
|
present tense |
| tas1 |
|
regular subjunctive |
| tas2 |
|
irregular subjunctive |
| tas3a |
|
subjunctive usage: obligation |
| tas3b |
|
subjunctive usage: doubt |
| tas4 |
|
subjunctive usage: will, emotion, desire |
| tas5 |
|
conjunctions that take the subjunctive |
| tas6 |
|
past subjunctive |
| tas7 |
|
subjunctive summary |
| tas8 |
|
ways to avoid the subjunctive |
| tav1 |
|
active vs. passive voice |
| ver1 |
|
-er verbs (regular) present tense |
| ver2 |
|
-er verbs (stem changing) present tense |
| vim1 |
|
impersonal verbs & expressions: il faut, il est important ... |
| vinf1 |
|
infinitive constructions |
| vir1 |
|
-ir verbs (regular) present tense |
| vir2 |
|
-ir verbs (irregular) like ouvrir present tense |
| vir3 |
|
-ir verbs (irregular) partir, sortir, and dormir |
| virr1 |
|
être 'to be' |
| virr10 |
|
savoir vs. connaître present tense |
| virr11 |
|
dire, lire, écrire present tense |
| virr2 |
|
avoir 'to have' |
| virr3 |
|
avoir expressions |
| virr4 |
|
aller 'to go' |
| virr5 |
|
faire 'to do, to make' |
| virr6 |
|
faire expressions |
| virr7 |
|
causative faire |
| virr8 |
|
venir 'to come' |
| virr9 |
|
boire, croire, voir |
| vl1 |
|
partir, sortir, quitter, laisser |
| vm1 |
|
modal verbs vouloir, pouvoir, devoir |
| vpp1 |
|
present participle |
| vpr1 |
|
pronominal verbs |
| vre1 |
|
-re verbs (regular) |
| vre2 |
|
-re verbs (irregular) like prendre |
| vre3 |
|
-re verbs (irregular) like mettre |
| vre4 |
|
re verbs (irregular) like suivre, vivre |
| vti1 |
|
transitive vs. intransitive |
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